Despite this, olfactory training is considered the only current therapeutic alternative for post-viral olfactory loss that has a strong scientific base (Hummel etal., 2016). Anosmia and ageusia (or hyposmia and dysgeusia) have been recognized as two common expressions of COVID-19 infection that linger for days to weeks, and in rare cases are thought to be immutable. A comprehensive study involving patients with loss of smell and taste has determined that the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in saliva (Henkin etal., 2007; Henkin and Velicu, 2009) and nasal mucus (Henkin and Velicu, 2008) were lower than those in healthy individuals. Najafloo R, Majidi J, Asghari A, Aleemardani M, Kamrava SK, Simorgh S, Seifalian A, Bagher Z, Seifalian AM. Kollndorfer K., Fischmeister F.P., Kowalczyk K., Hoche E., Mueller C.A., Trattnig S., Schpf V. Olfactory training induces changes in regional functional connectivity in patients with long-term smell loss. Park Y.J., Walls A.C., Wang Z., et al. Intranasal sodium citrate, due to its ability to sequester calcium ions, is believed to reduce mucosal free calcium with reduced negative feedback and increased sensitivity to odorants. Stafford and Orgill (2020) describe previous studies that investigated the effects of caffeine in inhalation tests based on the classification of participants according to identified feelings and emotions. We evaluated the publications that described anosmia in COVID-19 and its management. The treatments based on evidence found in the literature are as follow: Although neuroplasticity plays a crucial role, the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of olfactory training still remain uncertain (Reichert and Schpf, 2018). Moreover, RNA polymerase activity is partially inhibited by zinc (te Velthuis etal., 2010). How does the sense of smell work? The dissemblance between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in respect to their impacts on chemosensory systems may be related to biophysical differences as SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 with greater affinity than does SARS-CoV (Walls etal., 2020). Ageusia is the loss of sense of taste. Our providers specialize in head and neck surgery and oncology; facial plastic and reconstructive surgery; comprehensive otolaryngology; laryngology; otology, neurotology and lateral skull base disorders; pediatric otolaryngology; rhinology, sinus and skull base surgery; surgical sleep; dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and allied hearing, speech and balance services. Reichert J.L., Schpf V. Olfactory loss and regain: lessons for neuroplasticity. Is my loss of taste due to a cold, flu or other infection? Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging Treatments 8600 Rockville Pike The strong association of anosmia-ageusia with self-reported positive SARS-CoV-2 test was consistently observed, supporting its validity as a reliable COVID-19 signal, regardless of the participatory surveillance platform, country, phase of illness, or testing policy. However, its use may be associated with neurological side effects including headache, dizziness and confusion, which can be difficult to associate with its use due to similarities with COVID-19 manifestations (Vaira etal., 2020d). Two other studies reveal that some patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 reported persisting parosmia for 6 months after the onset of the disease (Hopkins etal., 2021; Berlich etal., 2021). Although the mechanism and degree of regeneration of the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb in humans are not entirely clear, it is well known that certain signaling pathways are necessary. Once youve recovered from your illness, your sense of taste will likely return. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. This process allows the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, a process conducted by the S2 subunit leading the virus to fuse with respiratory epithelia on the cell surface by binding to ACE2 (Hoffmann etal., 2020). The prevalence of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction is high in patients with COVID-19 in which the presence of anosmia and ageusia are symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. What's new with the old coronaviruses? Pekala K., Chandra R.K., Turner J.H. They may cause you to detect a bad odor or taste from something that is normally pleasant to . The sample size of this case series would be 250 cases of suspected COVID-19 patients. The results showed full olfaction recovery on the 30th day of treatment (Altin etal., 2020). The reduction in free calcium ions (Ca2+) is likely to increase the excitability of olfactory neurons, thereby improving the sense of smell (Addison etal., 2021). Although some treatment options have shown some promise, such as olfactory training, oral or topical corticosteroids, vitamin A and sodium citrate. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Retinoic acid (RA), which is a metabolite of vitamin A and a member of the thyroid hormone superfamily, is an important transcriptional regulator in tissue development and regeneration (Balmer and Blomhoff, 2002). Many people with ageusia find it difficult to eat, but a healthy diet ensures that youre obtaining the nutrition you need. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Taste disorders like ageusia are usually diagnosed by an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist. Olfactory training for postviral olfactory dysfunction: systematic review and meta-analysis. The role of omega-3 on anti-inflammatory mechanisms has already been extensively investigated. Hosseini A., Mirmahdi E., Moghaddam M.A. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Caffeine in coffee reduced the reversibility of the sense of smell and taste of people with COVID-19. Rheumatology and Long COVID: lessons from the study of fibromyalgia Reduced ability to smell. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Yan C.H., Rathor A., Krook K., Ma Y., Rotella M.R., Dodd R.L., Hwang P.H., Nayak J.V., Oyesiku N.M., DelGaudio J.M., Levy J.M., Wise J., Wise S.K., Patel Z.M. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effect of nasal betamethasone drops in the recovery of olfaction in COVID-19-associated anosmia. Parma V., Ohla K., Veldhuizen M.G., Niv M.Y., Kelly C.E., Bakke A.J., Cooper K.W., Bouysset C., Pirastu N., Dibattista M., Kaur R., Liuzza M.T., Pepino M.Y., Schpf V., Pereda-Loth V., Olsson S.B., Gerkin R.C., Rohlfs Domnguez P., Albayay J., Farruggia M.C., et al. Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. In most cases, treating the underlying cause of ageusia can restore your taste. Such studies suggest that the beneficial effects of caffeine may be greater in older subjects, as well as in regular caffeine users. Keywords: Reden J., Lill K., Zahnert T., Haehner A., Hummel T. Olfactory function in patients with postinfectious and posttraumatic smell disorders before and after treatment with vitamin A: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. A systematic review involving 6 studies and 1457 infected patients revealed that 60% had loss of smell and 56% had loss of taste, whose beginning of symptoms appeared before the common signs and symptoms of COVID-19 (Costa etal., 2020). Comparative study of taste disturbance by losartan and perindopril in healthy volunteers. Clinical and investigative medicine. The authors concluded that it is uncertain whether the inflammatory neuropathy resulted from direct viral damage or was mediated by damage to supporting non-neural cells (Kirschenbaum etal., 2020). In general, evidences show that there is no specific treatment for olfactory-taste disorders induced by SARS-CoV-2, even though some treatments have been used and have shown some promising results, such as olfactory training, intranasal application of sodium citrate and vitamin A, as well as systemic use of omega-3 and zinc. The most frequently reported persisting symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, sleep disorders or insomnia, headache, attention disorders, anosmia and ageusia [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Initially, the CNS infection or inflammation could be relatively mild and cause olfactory damage (Ylikoski etal., 2020). Ageusia is the loss of sense of taste. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effect of coffee on Anosmia and Ageusia in COVID-19 Patients. Anosmia is a complete loss of smell sensation. In contrast, the coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 has been observed in key support cells (including sustaining cells, Bowman's gland and microvillary cells) and in stem cells that repopulate the epithelium after damage (Brann etal., 2020). Cooper K.W., Brann D.H., Farruggia M.C., Bhutani S., Pellegrino R., Tsukahara T., Weinreb C., Joseph P.V., Larson E.D., Parma V., et al. Diode laser in management of loss of taste sensation in patients with do not recommend its use as they point out the need for RCT, since the studies using theophylline did not include a control group (Hura etal., 2020). Potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19 smell and taste loss: A comprehensive review. But there are things you can do to lower your risk: If youve been diagnosed with ageusia, your healthcare provider can help you find ways to manage your symptoms until you regain your sense of taste. Each of these sensory components is stimulated separately to create a unique flavor. On the other hand, the virus might reach these structures through the hematogenous route or by breaking the blood-brain barrier. -, Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. MedRxiv. Epub 2021 Oct 19. anosmia; coronavirus; covid-19; loss of smell; management; olfactory dysfunction; treatment. Some studies have reported inflammatory damage to the olfactory epithelium after SARS-CoV-2 infection. For that, we did a thorough literature assessment of the subject from various online resources, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Thus, intranasal theophylline seems to influence the perception of smell and taste through a direct action on the brain (Henkin and Abdelmeguid, 2019). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Researchers have discovered that the neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection include acute anosmia and ageusia. In this perspective, A2a adenosine receptors may participate in the process of deficit in odor function and may be temporarily reversed by the antagonism action of caffeine in these receptors. The aim of this review is to clarify with evidence from the scientific literature the pathophysiology of olfactory-gustatory disorders from COVID-19 infection as well as to discuss potential therapies for anosmia and ageusia. Oral therapy is also limited due to its side effects (sleep and gastrointestinal disorders as well as tachycardia and anxiety) and interactions with other drugs (Henkin etal., 2009, 2013). The prevalence of smell and taste dysfunctions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is high. Garg R., Jain R., Sodani A., Chouksey D., Dosi R., Athale S., Goyal N., Rathi P., Singh H., Telang K. Neurological symptoms as initial manifestation of covid-19 - an observational study. Aiba T., Sugiura M., Mori J., Matsumoto K., Tomiyama K., Okuda F., Nakai Y. COVID-19, Smell, Taste, Anosmia, Ageusia, Therapeutics. Komai M., Goto T., Suzuki H., Takeda T., Furukawa Y. Zinc deficiency and taste dysfunction; contribution of carbonic anhydrase, a zinc-metalloenzyme, to normal taste sensation. Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging Treatments. These may include: There are several health issues that can lead to a loss of sense of taste, including: It depends. In a case study, a patient was urged to undergo an olfactory training process that involved inhaling different containers containing coffee, cinnamon, cloves and lavender for 10min each day from the 14th day of symptoms, in addition to the consumption of complex B vitamins. Whitcroft and Hummel recommend olfactory training with rose, lemon and eucalyptus for 20s each, twice a day for at least 3 months as a treatment for persistent anosmia associated with COVID-19 (Whitcroft and Hummel, 2020). Zhou Fei, Ting Yu, Du Ronghui, Fan Guohui, Liu Ying, Liu Zhibo, Xiang Jie, et al. There is no specific therapeutic regime for ageusia and some of the treatments discussed in this review lack robust evidence and are not readily available for clinical use. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology. Anosmia: differential diagnosis, evaluation, and management. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. The main reason for choosing coffee as a laboratory material in the present study is that due to its caffeine content, coffee can affect the sense of smell and taste of COVID-19 patients. Taste and smell function in chronic disease: a review of clinical and biochemical evaluations of taste and smell dysfunction in over 5000 patients at the Taste and Smell Clinic in Washington, DC. Milanetti Edoardo, Miotto Mattia, Di Rienzo Lorenzo, Monti Michele, Gosti Giorgio, Ruocco e Giancarlo. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. Investigators are presenting a prospective proportional case-control study that is conducted to investigate the COVID-19 cases with anosmia and /or Ageusia in a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The two main infection pathways are the hematogenous and the neuronal, with the olfactory route (where nasal cell express high levels of ACE2), along with the lymphatic tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid play a significant role in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion (Trougakos etal., 2021). Kanjanaumporn J., Aeumjaturapat S., Snidvongs K., Seresirikachorn K., Chusakul S. Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment options. Corticosteroids have been used as a pharmacological approach to treat patients with olfactory dysfunction, especially upper respiratory infections such as chronic rhinosinusitis (Scangas and Bleier, 2017). The main reason for choosing coffee as a laboratory material in the present study is that due to its caffeine content, coffee can affect the sense of smell and taste of COVID-19 patients. A novel method of treating long-term COVID-19 with persistent anosmia can be suggested based on recent investigations. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. It has been reported that patients with olfactory and gustatory disorders may recover from 15 to 20 days after the onset of the disease (Tsuruoka, 2005), which means that those patients who are affected by olfactory disorders and spontaneously improve their oflatory condition may not need specific treatment. Insights to SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathophysiology, and rationalized treatments that target COVID-19 clinical complications. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India - JAPI Treating post-infectious smell loss in COVID-19 patients 2021 Dec 5;912:174582. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174582. Nasal congestion from a cold, allergy, sinus infection, or poor air quality is the most common cause of anosmia. An official website of the United States government. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Corticosteroids have a very important role in the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 who need mechanical ventilation, especially for their anti-inflammatory activity (Carrillo-Larco and Altez-Fernandez, 2020). (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32383370/), (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549775/#_NBK549775_pubdet_). Loss of olfactory function-early indicator for covid-19, other viral infections and neurodegenerative disorders. The pathophysiology of anosmia associated with COVID-19 is still under debate and several mechanisms have been proposed. aPostgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Brazil, bNurse Department, Nurse School, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossor, Brazil, cTocogynecology Department, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil, dPostgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil, eMedical School, Laureate International Universities Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil. showed that anosmia and ageusia happen simultaneously with the increase in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important pro-inflammatory cytokine (Cazzolla etal., 2020). PMC The .gov means its official. Francisca Idalina Neta: Literary research and writing development. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Enhancement of odorant-induced mucosal activity patterns in rats trained on an odorant identification task. Thus, it seems likely to conclude that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who have anosmia should avoid oral or topical corticosteroids as there is no robust evidence to demonstrate clear benefits over their potential risks (Addison etal., 2021). Anosmia in COVID-19: underlying mechanisms and assessment of an olfactory route to brain infection. Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry. Doty R.L. Ricardo Ney Cobucci: Survey of articles, development of writing and correction of all work. COVID-19 is an infectious disease that varies from mild to more severe respiratory disorders, with common respiratory manifestations such as dry cough, fever, dyspnoea, arthralgia and malaise (Villalba etal., 2020). However, the sensitivity to detect odors increased significantly in the anosmic group after olfactory training, which also manifested itself in changes in the functional connections in the three networks. Dis. Anosmia and Ageusia in Parkinson's Disease. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Lovato A., de Filippis C., Marioni G. Upper airway symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On the other hand, the route of entry of the coronavirus into the brain might be through: 1- the olfactory nerves; 2- the cribriform plaque or 3- the peripheral trigeminal. Our findings regarding the duration of symptoms were similar to a study conducted in Brazil; they found that the incidence of anosmia and ageusia was 18.8% with a mean time of 67 days for the former and 14 . Rebholz H., Braun R.J., Ladage D., Knoll W., Kleber C., Hassel A.W. This treatment is based on a series of olfactory stimuli that triggers the regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons (Altundag etal., 2020). Prevention Outlook / Prognosis Living With Overview What is ageusia? Henkin R.I., Velicu I. cAMP and cGMP in nasal mucus related to severity of smell loss in patients with smell dysfunction. Henkin R.I., Velicu I., Schmidt L. Relative resistance to oral theophylline treatment in patients with hyposmia manifested by decreased secretion of nasal mucus cyclic nucleotides. Otolaryngol. Equils O., Lekaj K., Wu A., Fattani S., Liu G., Rink L. Intra-nasal zinc level relationship to COVID-19 anosmia and type 1 interferon response: a proposal. Thus, zinc intake positively regulates the production of alpha interferon, which improves its antiviral activity. Epub 2021 Oct 5. The sodium citrate solution administered to the nose binds to the free calcium ions in the nasal mucus, thereby reducing the available calcium in the mucosa (Philpott etal., 2017). COVID-19 and the chemical senses: supporting players take center stage. In addition, it is believed that there is a reduction in salivary flow which may distort the sense of taste and/or ageusia. Appointments & Locations Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention Outlook / Prognosis Living With Frequently Asked Questions Overview What is anosmia? Yes. Treatment of post-viral olfactory dysfunction: an evidence-based review with recommendations. National Library of Medicine A case report has demonstrated significant disruption of the olfactory epithelium in the biopsy performed on a patient with persisting anosmia for more than three months after infection. Henkin R.I., Velicu I., Schmidt L. An open-label controlled trial of theophylline for treatment of patients with hyposmia. Philpott and colleagues compared a single application of 0.5mL of 9% sodium citrate per nostril versus sterile water in a randomized clinical trial involving 55 patients in which they found a statistically significant improvement in olfactory function using olfactory thresholds for phenyl ethyl alcohol, 1-butanol and eucalyptol with thresholds measured up to 2h after the intervention, showing an effect that lasts between 30 and 120min after application. A systematic review involving 198 individual cases of COVID-19, in which pathological findings were reviewed, has revealed that in addition to the lungs, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in several other organs, including heart, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, lymph nodes, skin and placenta (Polak etal., 2020). An observational study with more than two million participants found that loss of smell and taste is more predictive than all other symptoms, including fatigue, fever or cough (Menni etal., 2020). Epub 2021 Jan 9. In fact, Xu and collaborators investigated the expression of ACE2 in the oral cavity and found that ACE2 receptors are expressed diffusely between the different locations of the oral cavity, being particularly greater in the tongue than in the oral and gingival tissues. Would you like email updates of new search results? Hura N., Xie D.X., Choby G.W., Schlosser R.J., Orlov C.P., Seal S.M., Rowan N.R. Loss of Taste and Smell: Anosmia, Loss of Smell & COVID-19 Clinical study of olfactory disturbance. Hura etal. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Thus, they pointed out that histopathological findings suggest that failure of epithelial repair leads to thinning and loss of the olfactory dendrites and that disruption and desquamation of the olfactory epithelium is the underlying mechanism in COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction (Vaira etal., 2020a). Torabi A., Mohammadbagheri E., Akbari Dilmaghani N., Bayat A.-H., Fathi M., Vakili K., Alizadeh R., Rezaeimirghaed O., Hajiesmaeili M., Ramezani M., Simani L., Aliaghaei A. Proinflammatory cytokines in the olfactory mucosa result in COVID-19 induced anosmia. In addition, people with zinc deficiency at baseline may experience prolonged anosmia and a decrease in the type 1 interferon response (Equils etal., 2021). Altundag A., Saatci O., Sanli D., Duz O.A., Sanli A.N., Olmuscelik O., Temirbekov D., Kandemirli S.G., Karaaltin A.B. Sorokowska A., Drechsler E., Karwowski M., Hummel T. Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis. After 6 months, 85 (77.3%) subjects self-reported a complete resolution of these symptoms, whereas 22 (20.0%) reported a relative improvement and only 3 subjects (2.7%) informed that the symptoms had worsened or remained unchanged. Bertlich M., Stihl C., Lsebrink E., et al. According to previous reports, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) may decrease ACE2 activity after SARS-CoV-2 replication and rmight reduce NADPH oxidase activity, leading to suppression of expression of inflammatory cytokines (Sayiner etal., 2020). Fausto Pierdon Guzen: Development of the topic, correction of the article, final analysis of the article and submission of the article. However, four recently published studies (Brann etal., 2020; Chen etal., 2020; Fodoulian etal., 2020; Ziegler etal., 2020) investigated the cells in the olfactory epithelium that express ACE2 and other genes of viral entry and concluded that olfactory sensory neurons do not express ACE2. The sudden onset and relatively fast recovery in some patients suggest that COVID-19 anosmia is not caused by damage to the central nervous system but rather by the loss of smell information before it gets to the brain (smell receptors). In all of the aforementioned studies, the sodium citrate spray was well tolerated with side effects that included transient rhinorrhea, sore throat and nasal obstruction. This could be explained by the ability of OFAs in reducing inflammation by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism to eicosanoids and finally reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (Saedisomeolia etal., 2009). (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342636/). The members of the Clinical Olfactory Working Group agree that the most recommended treatment for anosmia is the olfactory training (Addison etal., 2021). The main cause of the latter is the direct damage that SARS-CoV-2 causes in olfactory receptor neurons located in the olfactory epithelium (Kanjanaumporn etal., 2020; Butowt and Bartheld, 2020). In addition, the virus uses the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) for the priming of protein S, implying the cleavage of the S1/S2 site. Background: This systematic review had three aims: i) to determine the frequency of anosmia (or other smell disorders) and dysgeusia (or other taste disorders) in COVID-19 patients; ii) to determine whether anosmia or dysgeusia are independently associated with COVID-19 diagnosis; and iii) to determine whether anosmia or dysgeusia are prognostic. Several hypotheses explain the mechanism of anosmia in patients suffering from COVID-19. Cascella M., Rajnik M., Cuomo A., Dulebohn S.C., Di Napoli R. Cazzolla A.P., Lovero R., Lo Muzio L., Testa N.F., Schirinzi A., Palmieri G., Pozzessere P., Procacci V., Di Comite M., Ciavarella D., Pepe M., De Ruvo C., Crincoli V., Di Serio F., Santacroce L. Taste and smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: role of interleukin-6. Other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the loss of taste caused by SARS-CoV-2 such as the occupation of sialic acid receptors by the virus which results in the degradation of taste particles (Vaira etal., 2020a). claim that insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroid therapy in addition to its risks and side effects might not justify its use in patients with PIOD. Effect of omega-3 supplementation in patients with smell dysfunction following endoscopic sellar and parasellar tumor resection: a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial. In another study, the authors used the gradual dilution of odorous substances in a solution of alcohol and water, divided into groups, including citrus juices, rosemary, pepper, sage, neutral soaps, wine or vinegar, chocolate, coffee and camphoric substances. A pilot study with 72 patients with COVID-19 reported that 27 (37.5%) of these patients showed persistent dysosmia. Hosseini and colleagues have reported that caffeine enhanced the sense of smell and taste in people with COVID-19. The conclusion was that the association of drugs including corticosteroids could represent a useful specific therapy to reduce the prevalence of anosmia or severe hyposmia (Vaira etal., 2021). Hyposmia. Anosmia (an-oz-mee-uh) is characterized by partial or total loss of smell. Smell sensation often returns to normal after a cold, but when it's caused by nerve damage or another type of damage, it might be permanent or . Persistent impact on smell and taste in COVID-19 patients one year later Hummel T., Whitcroft K.L., Andrews P., Altundag A., Cinghi C., Costanzo R.M., Damm M., Frasnelli J., Gudziol H., Gupta N., Haehner A., Holbrook E., Hong S.C., Hornung D., Httenbrink K.B., Kamel R., Kobayashi M., Konstantinidis I., Landis B.N., Leopold D.A., et al.Welge-Luessen A. Anosmia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment - Verywell Health As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Ogimi C., Kim Y.J., Martin E.T., Huh H.J., Chiu C.-H., Englund J.A. Olfactory taste disorder as a presenting symptom of COVID-19: a large single-center Singapore study. The term ageusia refers to the loss of sense of taste. 2023 May 6;23(1):263. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-02952-w. These molecules enter your nose and mouth. 2020;163:311. If your ageusia is related to gum disease, ramping up your oral hygiene habits can help restore your taste function quickly. This condition affects your ability to detect odors. COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 The loss of sense of smell or taste substantially increases the likelihood of COVID-19 infection. In addition, taste function was also assessed using coffee and more bitter substances with salt and sugar with the purpose of assessing whether there would be an improvement in smell and taste. The path to effective anosmia management is still somewhat hazy, but there is hope that we can find the right treatment plan with the right clinical trials and additional research.