Helps maintain healthy teeth, bones, and soft tissues. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020;22:906-13. These side effects These birth defects can include malformations of the eye, skull, lungs, and heart [10]. The beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial: incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping -carotene and retinol supplements. But in people with vitamin A deficiency, the vitamin A content of breast milk is not sufficient to maintain adequate vitamin A stores in infants who are exclusively breastfed [34]. The FNB has established ULs for preformed vitamin A that apply to both food and supplement intakes [5]. Yet, vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness and increases Intake recommendations for vitamin A and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [5]. However, a Cochrane review that included 6 RCTs of vitamin A supplementation (15,000 mcg RAE [50,000 IU] to 60,000 mcg RAE [200,000 IU], depending on age) found that the supplementation did not affect risk of death due to measles, although it did help prevent new cases of measles [78]. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Preformed vitamin A is found in foods from animal sources, including dairy products, eggs, fish, and organ meats [1,2]. Gastroenterology 1985;88:512-4. [, Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S, et al. Vitamin A is the name of a group of fat-soluble retinoids, primarily retinol and retinyl esters [1,2]. However, these symptoms are transient, with the large majority starting and disappearing within 24 hours of dosing. J Diet Suppl 2012;9:299-416. [, Rana M, Wong-See D, Katz T, Gaskin K, Whitehead B, Jaffe A, et al. seroconversion of childhood vaccines. Examples include the psoriasis treatment acitretin (Soriatane) and bexarotene (Targretin), used to treat the skin effects of T-cell lymphoma. Unlike preformed vitamin A, beta-carotene is not known to be teratogenic or lead to reproductive toxicity [1]. Nutrition and Cancer 2016;68:1083-96. Scientific reports 2014;4:4885. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. UL: 1700 mcg RAE (5667 IU) Includes a variety of protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, and soy products. [, Reboul E. Mechanisms of carotenoid intestinal absorption: where do we stand? Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. The CARET trial also showed that supplementation with a large amount of beta-carotene (30 mg/day) plus 7,500 mcg RAE (25,000 IU)/day retinyl palmitate for 48 years in current and former smokers, as well as some men occupationally exposed to asbestos, increased the risk of lung cancer and death from lung cancer [63]. Nutrients 2015;7:8897-904. Children 6-59 months receiving vitamin A supplements DRIs is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. Ages 1 to 3 years: 1,000 international units (IU), or 300 micrograms (mcg) retinol activity equivalents (RAE), of vitamin A per day Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2017. A third trial included 29,584 healthy men and women aged 4069 years who were living in Linxian, China, where micronutrient deficiencies are common [73]. disappear within 24 to 48 hours without special treatment. For children aged 219, mean daily intakes of vitamin A from foods and beverages ranged from 497 to 680 mcg RAE. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) included 18,314 male and female current and former smokers (with at least a 20 pack-year history [equivalent to smoking 1 pack per day for 20 years or 2 packs per day for 10 years, for example] of cigarette smoking), as well as some men occupationally exposed to asbestos (who also have a higher risk of lung cancer), all aged 4574 years. Other sources are foods rich in beta-carotene, such as green leafy vegetables, carrots and cantaloupe. Routine immunization services and vaccination campaigns have been used safely and successfully to provide vitamin A to a wide age range of children at risk of vitamin A deficiency. Babies should continue to receive this amount of vitamin D until weaned or until they drink 32 ounces (about 1 liter) a day of vitamin D-fortified formula or, after age 12 months, whole milk. World J Surg Oncol 2014;12:130. UL: 900 mcg RAE (3000 IU) More than 95% of deaths attributable to vitamin A deficiency occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where vitamin A deficiency was responsible for 2% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years [23]. Early vitamin A supplementation improves the outcome of retinopathy of prematurity in extermely premature infants. Initial dose: 100,000 Units intramuscularly once a day for 3 days information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Vitamin D Supplements for Babies May Boost Kids' Mental Heal The commercial single-use Vitamin K is provided as 1 mg/0.5 mL concentration either in ampule/vial form (manufactured by Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA) or a prefilled single-use syringe (Prefilled Syringe with safety device (Saf-T-Jet . Vitamin A / administration & dosage* Substances Fat Emulsions, Intravenous . Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;8:Cd006751. During this period, participants were no longer taking the supplements, but most continued to smoke. This guideline provides global, evidence-informed recommendations on the use of vitamin A supplements in infants and children 659 months of age for the reduction of morbidity and mortality. Wynzora: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com PDF Estimates of Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage in Preschool-age Children Available for Android and iOS devices. This fact sheet does not include studies of all-trans retinoic acid, a vitamin A metabolite that is used as a drug in high doses to treat a form of leukemia [48,49]. The association between use of vitamin A supplements and reduced risk of lung, prostate and other types of cancer is unclear. The federal governments 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Participation in NIH Funding Initiatives, Administrative Supplements for Research on Dietary Supplements, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Frequently Asked Questions About ODS Grants & Co-funding, Resources for Investigators Submitting Natural Products Research Grant Applications, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee, consumer fact sheet on Vitamin A and Carotenoids, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels, Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels and Serving Sizes of Foods That Can Reasonably Be Consumed at One Eating Occasion; Dual-Column Labeling; Updating, Modifying, and Establishing Certain Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed; Serving Size for Breath Mints; and Technical Amendments; Proposed Extension of Compliance Dates, Converting Units of Measure for Folate, Niacin, and Vitamins A, D, and E on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels: Guidance for Industry, Guideline: Vitamin A Supplementation in Infants and Children 6-59 Months of Age, LiverTox: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury, Pumpkin pie, commercially prepared, 1 piece, Ice cream, French vanilla, soft serve, cup, Milk, skim, with added vitamin A and vitamin D, 1 cup, Breakfast cereals, fortified with 10% of the DV for vitamin A, 1 serving, Tuna, light, canned in oil, drained solids, 3 ounces, Baked beans, canned, plain or vegetarian, 1 cup, Summer squash, all varieties, boiled, cup, Chicken, breast meat and skin, roasted, breast. Your body converts beta-carotene into vitamin A. Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta ZA. One trial randomized 22,071 male physicians aged 4084 years to take 50 mg beta carotene on alternate days or a placebo for 12 years [71]. The guideline will help Member States and their partners in their efforts to make informed decisions on the appropriate nutrition actions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, in particular, reduction in child mortality (MDG 4). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. de Vries JJ, Chang AB, Bonifant CM, Shevill E, Marchant JM. However, vitamin A deficiency is common in many developing countries, especially in young children. Institute of Medicine. Current guidelines recommend an intake of 700-1500 IU/kg/day vitamin A, and there is evidence to support higher doses for infants with significant lung disease. Although some evidence supports the use of vitamin A supplements in people with these disorders [42], other research has found that supplementation offers no benefit [43]. Vitamin A is essential for the functioning of the immune system and the healthy growth and development of children, and is usually acquired through a healthy diet. Increase in measles cases - United States, January 1-April 26, 2019. The recommended daily amount of vitamin A is 900 micrograms (mcg) for adult men and 700 mcg for adult women. Vitamin A Vitamin A Navigate to section Indications and dose Unlicensed use Interactions Side-effects Pregnancy Breast feeding Monitoring requirements Medicinal forms Related treatment summaries Interactions View interactions for Vitamin A Medicinal forms and pricing UL: 2800 mcg RAE (9333 IU) Xerophthalmia also affects the cornea and can eventually lead to permanent blindness; vitamin A deficiency is one of the top causes of preventable blindness in children [24]. Cooking and heat treatment can increase the bioavailability of beta-carotene from foods [15]. [, Cortes-Jofre M, Rueda JR, Asenjo-Lobos C, Madrid E, Bonfill Cosp X. Pazirandeh S, et al. Importantly, the follow-up study also revealed that beta-carotene was not a required ingredient; the original AREDS formulation without beta-carotene provided the same protective effect against developing advanced AMD. The study, a part of the VIDI trial, observed the impact of the standard 10 g and a tripled 30 g dose of Vitamin D on children from the age of two The FNB based these ULs on the amounts associated with an increased risk of liver abnormalities in men and women, teratogenic effects, and several toxic effects in infants and children. Cut the end of the capsule and deliver the dose directly into the mouth. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:1193s-203s. However, vitamin A deficiency is still common in many developing countries, often as a result of limited access to foods containing preformed vitamin A from animal-based food sources and to foods containing provitamin A carotenoids because of poverty or traditional diets [1,22]. FDA does not require food labels to list vitamin A content unless vitamin A has been added to the food. UL: 2800 mcg RAE (9333 IU) Eleven percent of the physicians were current smokers, and 38% were former smokers at the start of the study. Vitamin A - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) - NCBI Bookshelf [, Rowles JL, 3rd, Ranard KM, Smith JW, An R, Erdman JW, Jr. In 2019, measles was responsible for more than 207,500 deaths around the world, mostly in young children in low-income countries [77]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2202-6. The guideline is intended for a wide audience including policy-makers, their expert advisers, and technical and programme staff in organizations involved in the design, implementation, and scaling-up of nutrition actions for public health. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. In a separate analysis of CARET study data, men who took the two supplements had a 35% lower risk of nonaggressive prostate cancer during the 4-year active trial, but not during the 6-year postintervention period. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/. High-dose vitamin A supplementation should be avoided during pregnancy because of the theoretical risk of teratogenesis (birth defects), but can be provided safely to all postpartum mothers within six weeks of delivery, when the chance of pregnancy is Vitamin A supplements are recommended for children with measles who are at an increased risk of vitamin A deficiency. Micronutrient intake and risk of hematological malignancies in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Infants 6-12 months: 100,000 units once per day for 2 days, repeat with single-dose after 2 weeks; Children over 12 months, except . A major risk factor for severe measles is vitamin A insufficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, cellular communication, growth and development, and male and female reproduction [1-3]. Vitamin A also helps the heart, lungs, kidneys and other organs work properly. The first sign is night blindness, or the inability to see in low light or darkness as a result of low rhodopsin levels in the retina [1,23,24]. Reference. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy eating pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. Some clinical trial evidence suggests that supplemental vitamin A might reduce the risk of certain cancers but increase the risk of other forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, and all-cause mortality. Parents enrolled healthy babies born at term to receive either the standard dose of vitamin D (400 IU daily) or high-dose vitamin D (1200 IU daily). Effects of -tocopherol and -carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study.