Get the most out of the InfoQ experience. First, the cost of fixing a bug in the development phase is much cheaper than later in the life cycle, especially because security testing tends to occur after functional testing, and fixing security bugs might introduce the need to repeat the functional testing. Queries to the data store are constructed on the webserver from user-supplied data. Download BApp. It's recommended that those involved in the software life cycle receive appropriate security training for their role. PHP V8JS Injection Chained with other By requiring fewer relational constraints and consistency checks, NoSQL databases often offer performance and scaling benefits. A typical query could be. The easiest way to view NoSQLMap is as the NoSQL variant of SQLMap. db.myCollection.find( { $where: "this.credits == this.debits" } ); Optionally JavaScript is also evaluated to allow more advanced conditions. instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser, Injection payload wordlist with examples of NoSQL Injection for MongoDB, Bryan Sullivan from Adobe: NoSQL, But Even Less Security, Erlend from Bekk Consulting: Security NOSQL-injection, Felipe Aragon from Syhunt: NoSQL/SSJS Injection, MongoDB Documentation: How does MongoDB address SQL or Query injection?, PHP Documentation: MongoDB Driver Classes, 2.10 Security Tests Integrated in Development and Testing Workflows, 2.11 Security Test Data Analysis and Reporting, 3.6 Phase 5 During Maintenance and Operations, 4.1.1 Conduct Search Engine Discovery Reconnaissance for Information Leakage, 4.1.3 Review Webserver Metafiles for Information Leakage, 4.1.4 Enumerate Applications on Webserver, 4.1.5 Review Web Page Content for Information Leakage, 4.1.7 Map Execution Paths Through Application, 4.1.8 Fingerprint Web Application Framework, 4.2 Configuration and Deployment Management Testing, 4.2.1 Test Network Infrastructure Configuration, 4.2.2 Test Application Platform Configuration, 4.2.3 Test File Extensions Handling for Sensitive Information, 4.2.4 Review Old Backup and Unreferenced Files for Sensitive Information, 4.2.5 Enumerate Infrastructure and Application Admin Interfaces, 4.2.7 Test HTTP Strict Transport Security, 4.3.4 Testing for Account Enumeration and Guessable User Account, 4.3.5 Testing for Weak or Unenforced Username Policy, 4.4.1 Testing for Credentials Transported over an Encrypted Channel, 4.4.3 Testing for Weak Lock Out Mechanism, 4.4.4 Testing for Bypassing Authentication Schema, 4.4.5 Testing for Vulnerable Remember Password, 4.4.6 Testing for Browser Cache Weaknesses, 4.4.8 Testing for Weak Security Question Answer, 4.4.9 Testing for Weak Password Change or Reset Functionalities, 4.4.10 Testing for Weaker Authentication in Alternative Channel, 4.4.11 Testing Multi-Factor Authentication, 4.5.1 Testing Directory Traversal File Include, 4.5.2 Testing for Bypassing Authorization Schema, 4.5.4 Testing for Insecure Direct Object References, 4.5.5.1 Testing for OAuth Authorization Server Weaknesses, 4.5.5.2 Testing for OAuth Client Weaknesses, 4.6.1 Testing for Session Management Schema, 4.6.4 Testing for Exposed Session Variables, 4.6.5 Testing for Cross Site Request Forgery, 4.7.1 Testing for Reflected Cross Site Scripting, 4.7.2 Testing for Stored Cross Site Scripting, 4.7.4 Testing for HTTP Parameter Pollution, 4.7.13 Testing for Format String Injection, 4.7.14 Testing for Incubated Vulnerability, 4.7.15 Testing for HTTP Splitting Smuggling, 4.7.16 Testing for HTTP Incoming Requests, 4.7.18 Testing for Server-side Template Injection, 4.7.19 Testing for Server-Side Request Forgery, 4.8.1 Testing for Improper Error Handling, 4.9.1 Testing for Weak Transport Layer Security, 4.9.3 Testing for Sensitive Information Sent via Unencrypted Channels, 4.10.1 Test Business Logic Data Validation, 4.10.5 Test Number of Times a Function Can Be Used Limits, 4.10.6 Testing for the Circumvention of Work Flows, 4.10.7 Test Defenses Against Application Misuse, 4.10.8 Test Upload of Unexpected File Types, 4.11.1 Testing for DOM-Based Cross Site Scripting, 4.11.1.1 Testing for Self DOM Based Cross-Site Scripting, 4.11.4 Testing for Client-side URL Redirect, 4.11.6 Testing for Client-side Resource Manipulation, 4.11.7 Testing Cross Origin Resource Sharing, 4.11.13 Testing for Cross Site Script Inclusion. 14 comments mrthankyou commented on Apr 13, 2021 edited Query WIP PyMonogo Flask-PyMongo MongoEngine Flask MongoEngine Are you planning to discuss this vulnerability 7. The defense against such an attack is to disable the use of JavaScript execution in the database configuration. Reduce risk. A. Finally, most application security testing tools can't keep up with the fast pace with which new programming languages are adopted; for instance, most security products don't support Golang, Scala, and Haskel. By requiring fewer relational constraints and consistency checks, NoSQL databases often offer performance and scaling benefits. This stage is sometimes overlooked. mapReduce(function() { { emit(1,1); } }, function(name, sum) { return Array. In this article, we provide an analysis of NoSQL threats and techniques as well as their mitigation mechanisms. Catch critical bugs; ship more secure software, more quickly. J. Williams, "7 Advantages of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) over Static (SAST) and Dynamic (DAST) Testing", blog, 30 June 2015; 4, 2015, pp. JavaScript execution exposes a dangerous attack surface if unsanitized user input finds its way to the query. The most commonly used API call allowing arbitrary JavaScript input is the $where operator. NoSQLMap is an open-source Python tool designed to audit for, as well as automate injection attacks and exploit default configuration weaknesses in NoSQL databases and web applications using NoSQL in order to disclose or clone data from the database. For the attack to succeed, a few conditions must be met. Copyright 2023, OWASP Foundation, Inc. WSTG - Latest Please note that JavaScript must be enabled to display rating and popularity information. Parameters for finding a document can be included as query parameters, and new documents can be added as request data. Injection A professional security tester should test the application. The wide adoption of these databases has been facilitated by the new requirements of modern large-scale applications, such as Facebook, Amazon, and Twitter, which need to distribute data across a huge number of servers. Try to identify NoSQLi. Key-value data stores such as Memcached, Redis, and Tachyon are in-memory data stores, designed to speed up the performance of applications, cloud infrastructure and platforms, and big data frameworks. Humans are error prone; even after following all the secure development best practices, vulnerabilities might still be found in the software after deployment. Get started with Burp Suite Professional. Download BApp. Lets see how NoSQL injection differs from traditional SQL injection and what you can do to prevent it. By creating a variable named $where via parameter pollution, one could trigger a MongoDB error indicating that the query is no longer valid. Summary. Because there is not a common language between them, example injection code will not apply across all NoSQL databases. WebNoSQL injection attacks may execute in different areas of an application than traditional SQL injection. If youre searching for a place to share your software expertise, start contributing to InfoQ. Analysis and Mitigation of NoSQL Injections, Jan 18, 2017 To get the sum or average of these fields, the developer writes a MapReduce function that takes the field name that it should act on (amount or price) as a parameter from the user. nosql-injection The Anatomy of a Scalping Bot: NSB Was Copped! Deanonymizing OpenSea NFT Owners via Cross-Site Search Vulnerability. These are not covered under injection testing. NoSQL (not only SQL) is a trending term in modern data stores; it refers to nonrelational databases that rely on different storage mechanisms such as document store, key-value store, and graph. This is the second part of a two-part series on NoSQL injections. Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST), 2013, pp. Figure 2 illustrates a typical architecture in which a NoSQL database is used to store the data accessed via a Web application. MongoDB, CouchDB, Redis, Cassandra, and so many more NoSQL databases have sprouted, but what about their security? WebThe NoSQL injection is defined as it is a misconception in a web application that can use a NoSQL database and it is different from SQL injection. NoSQL Injection The most common uses of union queries are to bypass authentication pages and extract data. Although most solutions target relational databases, initial solutions to monitoring NoSQL data stores have already started to appear10. But if data is not being stored in structured tables, then how is it being stored? In this post, we will look at specific injection attack types, namely Server-Side JavaScript and Blind NoSQL injections. Your Information will be kept private . cached attributes include sensitive information that will cause the query execution to behave differently than intended. In the worst- WebBy requiring fewer relational constraints and consistency checks, NoSQL databases often offer performance and scaling benefits. Three trends make this problem even more challenging than before. Where SQL injection would execute within the database engine, NoSQL variants may execute during within the application layer or the database layer, depending on the NoSQL API used and data model. Union queries. Under DDoS Attack? Figure 3. NoSQL Injection This extension provides a way to discover NoSQL injection vulnerabilities. For example, filtering out common HTML special characters such as < > & ; will not prevent attacks against a JSON API, where special characters include / { } :. Try to identify NoSQLi. WebTime-Based PHP V8JS Injection & NoSQL/SSJS Injection Detecting server-side JavaScript (SSJS) injection vulnerabilities using time-based techniques. Additional timing attacks may be relevant to the lack of concurrency checks within a NoSQL database. where incr is used to increment a key, decr is used to decrement a key, and delete is used to delete a key. At recent conferences in San Francisco and London, the speakers clearly showed what "scalable" can really mean, from a trillion messages to exabytes of data. sum(sum); }, { out: totals });. Anton Puzanov is a security researcher for the IBM Cyber Security Center of Excellence. This injection can also take place from the get command. The following requests would make these (or similar) vulnerable web Similar to firewalls that can detect attacks at the network level, host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDSs) guard the execution of the application and workloads on servers. Scanner I. Novikov, "The New Page of Injections Book: Memcached Injections", Proc. db.myCollection.find( { $where: function() { return obj.credits - obj.debits < 0; } } ); If an attacker were able to manipulate the data passed into the $where operator, that attacker could include arbitrary JavaScript to be evaluated as part of the MongoDB query. Protection of APIs. Like almost every new technology, NoSQL databases lacked security when they first emerged35. K. Zeidenstein, "Organizations Ramp up on NoSQL Databases, but What about Security? Lets quickly list some other things! Awareness. State of Software Security Report, Varacode, 2013; You can view the source code for all BApp Store extensions on our Although it's known that attackers can bypass WAFs13, we advocate adding rules for detecting NoSQL injections to these systems as well. 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Your Information will be kept private . Therefore, monitoring and defending the application at runtime is recommended. Where SQL injection would execute within the database engine, NoSQL variants may execute during within the application layer or the database layer, depending on the NoSQL API used and data model. For example, in this article, we show how attackers can exploit the syntax of the $ne (not equal) operator, which lets them illegally log in to the system without appropriate credentials. However, PHP has a built-in mechanism for associative arrays that lets attackers send the following malicious payload: Because $ne is MongoDB's not equals condition, it queries all entries in the logins collection for which the username is not equal to 1 and the password is not equal to 1. Some initial application-scanning projects have emerged (for example, nosqlproject.com), and the Open Web Application Security Project has published recommendations for testing NoSQL injection code. To fully address the threats introduced by the application layer, we need to consider the entire software development life cycle (see Figure 6). In PHP, such code can look like this (where $param is user input): This code sums the field given by $param for each item by name. 4, no. For this reason, anyone testing for NoSQL injection attacks will need to familiarize themselves with the syntax, data model, and underlying programming language in order to craft specific tests. Most NoSQL injection vulnerabilities occur because developers accept and process user inputs without properly sanitizing them. IEEE 29th Symp. Under DDoS Attack? Well, there are different ways such as graph-based or key-value-based. Let's use a MongoDB example to show an array injection vulnerabilityan attack similar to SQL injection in its technique and results. This will scan every IP address in the supplied subnetwork. From there, you can continue exploitation. NoSQL is the opposite of SQL, its non-relational, it stands for either No SQL or Not only SQL depending on who you ask but in general it refers to non-relational database architectures. However, these are only initial results; the problem hasnt been sufficiently studied or received the required attention. The first is. 14 comments mrthankyou commented on Apr 13, 2021 edited Query WIP PyMonogo Flask-PyMongo MongoEngine Flask MongoEngine Are you planning to discuss this vulnerability SSJI (Server Side JavaScript Injection): details and techniques on how applications that use a big data back end may be vulnerable. This week, were going to cover NoSQLMap, the antithesis of SQLMap. The easiest way to view NoSQLMap is as the NoSQL variant of SQLMap. NoSQL databases provide looser consistency restrictions than traditional SQL databases. Yet these databases are still potentially vulnerable to injection attacks, even if they aren't using the traditional SQL syntax. Furthermore, threat intelligence tools can assist in providing data on malicious IP addresses and domains as well as other indicators of compromise, which can help detect injections. Presented by: Sean Chittenden - Director of Engineering. However, because JavaScript is a fully featured language, not only does this allow an attacker to manipulate data, but also to run arbitrary code. JavaScript enables complicated transactions and queries on the database engine. An example of malicious input is, This input would be constructed into the query, This query would succeed as long as the username is correct. In addition to providing me with a platform to share learning with a global community of software developers, InfoQs peer-to-peer review system has significantly improved my writing. Other advantages include more scalability, facilitated by the possibility of data distribution and performance increases. For example, CouchDB has adopted some important security measures that mitigate the risk resulting from an exposed REST API. How do we go about finding misconfigurations and vulnerabilities related to NoSQL databases? A Web application is implemented with a PHP back end, which encodes the requests to the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format used to query the data store. These mechanisms are important for two reasons. The advantages are clear, but does this feature come with a security risk? consider URL parameters, POST parameters, and even sometimes HTTP headers. We'd love to have more people join our team. 303311. What is NoSQL injection They control access to databases, monitor activities with customizable security alerts, and create auditable reports of data access and security events. Aviv Ron is a security researcher for the IBM Cyber Security Center of Excellence. Nematbakhsh. 1-866-777-9980 Your monthly guide to all the topics, technologies and techniques that every professional needs to know about. To accomplish that, during the installation process of a third-party Node.js module, a check is performed to detect and rewrite APIs that appear to be prone to When called from the command line interface, the set function uses two lines of input. For this, a strict network configuration is recommended to ensure that the database is accessible only to relevant hosts, such as the application server. Because these NoSQL injection attacks may execute within a procedural language, rather than in the declarative SQL language, the potential impacts are greater than traditional SQL injection. NoSQL injection attacks may execute in different areas of an application than traditional SQL injection. NoSQL databases do not use SQL to Server Side All rights reserved, The evolution of malicious automation over the last decade, No tuning, highly-accurate out-of-the-box, Effective against OWASP top 10 vulnerabilities. This input 0;var date=new Date(); do{curDate = new Date();}while(curDate-date<10000) inserted into $userInput in the above example code would result in the following JavaScript function being executed. However, according to MongoDB documentation - unserialized JSON and JavaScript expressions are permitted in several alternative query parameters. 15. WebExample 2: NoSQL SSJS Injection Vulnerability (PHP + MongoDB) The MongoDB shell provides a sleep() function which makes time-based detection much easier to perform.. Another example is the use of sanitization libraries. Intrusion detection systems. Piggybacked queries. WebTo prevent server-side js injection attacks: Validate user inputs on server side before processing; Do not use eval()function to parse user inputs. She has more than 30 scientific publications in leading journals, conferences, and books. These attacks allow bypassing authentication or access mechanisms by injecting code in conditional statements, generating expressions that are always true (tautologies). Anywhere you might expect to see SQL injection, you can potentially find nosql injection. For example, instead of just causing an error when testing, a full exploit would use the special characters to craft valid JavaScript. consider URL parameters, POST parameters, and even sometimes HTTP headers. Queries can also include regular expressions and conditions as well as limit which fields are queried. Please note that extensions are written by third party users of Burp, and PortSwigger Web Security makes no warranty about their quality or usefulness for any particular purpose. A Quick Introduction to NoSQL To mitigate this issue, we need to cast the parameters received from the request to the proper type, in this case, using the string. IEEE 21st Computer Security Applications Conf., 2005, pp. Black Hat USA, 2012. Were going to let the following links speak for themselves. These measures include accepting only JSON in content type. First, the emerging cloud and big data systems typically execute multiple complex applications that use heterogeneous open source tools and platforms. Database activity monitoring tools became a common requirement for organizations' data protection. WebExample 2: NoSQL SSJS Injection Vulnerability (PHP + MongoDB) The MongoDB shell provides a sleep() function which makes time-based detection much easier to perform.. Avoid using other commands with similar effect, such as setTimeOut(), setInterval(), and Function(). NoSQL Injection Lets examine the example on Memcacheds homepage, which starts with these three lines: This example shows a typical use of Memcached; it checks whether the input exists in the database before processing it. A NoSQL injection, similar to that of a SQL injection, can allow attackers to bypass authentication, exfiltrate sensitive data, tamper with data on the database, or even compromise the database and the underlying server. By requiring fewer relational constraints and consistency checks, NoSQL databases often offer performance and scaling benefits. QCon New York International Software Conference returns this June 13-15. Chained with other Traditional relational databases don't meet these scalability requirements; they require a single database node to execute all operations of the same transaction1. Popular databases that allow this include MongoDB and CouchDB and its descendants, Cloudant and BigCouch. The main mechanisms of SQL attacks relevant in NoSQL can be divided into five classes. decr