Hydrophilic FCNyellow and FCNred were synthesised by mixing 14mL of aqueous carbohydrate solution (200400mg/mL) with 2.510mL of concentrated phosphoric acid and heating the solution at ~ 8090C for 1560 minutes. Thorek DL, Czupryna J, Chen AK, Tsourkas A (2008) Molecular imaging of cancer with superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles. (a) TEM images of hydrophobic FCNgreen(hydrophobic), FCNyellow and FCNred. Garca A, Espinosa R, Delgado L, Casals E, Gonzlez E, Puntes V, et al.. Trewyn BG, Slowing II, Giri S, Chen HT, Lin VSY (2007) Synthesis and functionalization of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle based on the sol-gel process and applications in controlled release. Abd-Elsalam K, Mohamed AA, Prasad R (2019) Magnetic nanostructures: environmental and agricultural applications. Nanomaterials 6:81, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, India, You can also search for this author in PubMed CAS School of Environmental Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, Rani, R., Sethi, K., Singh, G. (2019). Similarly, FCNgreen was synthesised by mixing 160mg of carbohydrate and 1.6g of octadecylamine and heating the mixture at 80C for 10 minutes. CAS Carbonisation has been performed in different solvents (e.g., octadecene, octadecene-fatty amine, octadecene-fatty acid, ethylene glycol and water) with different dehydrating agents (e.g., H3PO4, H2SO4) and at various temperatures from 80 to 300C. These FCNs have tunable emissions (such as blue, green, yellow and red) and quantum yields between 6 and 30%, have been synthesised on the milligram to gram scale and have been transformed into various functionalised nanoprobes for different biological labelling and imaging applications. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in J. 1, 14541458 (2010). Google Scholar. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Slider with three articles shown per slide. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16379-2_15, https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030164386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2017.09.001, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Size Dependent Biodistribution and Toxicokinetics of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles in Mice. Moreover, the different coatings of the particles can play a role in their different immunological responses. The emergence of synthesis strategies for the fabrication of nanosized contrast agents is anticipated to lead to advancements in understanding biological processes at the molecular level in addition to progress in the development of diagnostic tools and innovative therapies. Google Scholar, Cormode DP, Naha PC, Fayad ZA (2014) Nanoparticle contrast agents for computed tomography: a focus on micelles. A systematic review. The fluorescence of most of the FCNs is stable in solutions at different pH values. & Li, Y. Colloidal carbon spheres and their core/shell structures with noble metal nanoparticles. Chem. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(11):12521265, Szyszko TA, Cook GJR (2017) PET/CT and PET/MRI in head and neck malignancy. Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, Deserno WM, Tabatabaei S, Van De Kaa CH, et al.. Noninvasive Detection of Clinically Occult Lymph-Node Metastases in Prostate Cancer, Emerging Applications for Ferumoxytol as a Contrast Agent in MRI. PubMed Central Singh N, Jenkins GJ, Nelson BC, Marquis BJ, Maffeis TG, Brown AP, et al.. Controlling Molecular Dye Encapsulation in the Hydrophobic - Springer The cells attached to each plate were treated with 50L of freshly prepared methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution (5mg/mL) after incubation and were incubated again for 3hrs to allow violet- coloured formazan to form. demonstrated how incorporation of the DsRed fluorescent protein in the solvent-exposed loop of the hepatitis B virus (HBV . 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Li, Q. et al. Int J Mol Sci 17(8):1209, Martins MBA, Corvo ML, Marcelino P, Marinho HS, Feio G, Carvalho A (2014) New long circulating magnetoliposomes as contrast agents for detection of ischemia-reperfusion injuries by MRI. Fluorescent nanoparticle-based imaging probes have advanced current labelling technology and are expected to generate new medical diagnostic tools based on their superior brightness and. Plant-derived silica nanoparticles and composites for biosensors, bioimaging, drug delivery and supercapacitors: a review S. Prabha, D. Durgalakshmi, Saravanan Rajendran & Eric Lichtfouse Environmental Chemistry Letters 19 , 1667-1691 ( 2021) Cite this article 11k Accesses 63 Citations 1 Altmetric Metrics Abstract 106, 11051136 (2006). Oxidative stress is frequently described as the main reason for IONP-mediated cytotoxicity as extensively reviewed earlier (7, 37, 38). the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. The main function of M1 macrophages is the detection, phagocytosis and killing of pathogens, apoptotic cells and damaged host cells while M2 macrophages have important functions in tissue repair (9). Park EJ, Oh SY, Lee SJ, Lee K, Kim Y, Lee BS, et al.. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01473. Srivastava, B. SPIONs, inflammation, oxidative stress, ROS, MRI contrast agent, endotoxin. PubMed Lignocellulosic-Based Nanoparticles with Photoluminescent Properties ASAP (2012) 10.1021/ar300015b. Another study by Mou and colleagues reported that positively charged IONPs enhanced antigen cross-presentation of murine DCs while negatively charged IONPs inhibited the DCs functions and rapidly activated autophagy (88). Theses inconsistencies can often be attributed to the particle characteristics (size, shape, surface coating) or the experimental design and incubation conditions (e.g., the presence of bystander substances such as bacterial endotoxins). Controlled synthesis of green and blue luminescent carbon nanoparticles with high yields by the carbonization of sucrose. Tuning of photoluminescence on different surface functionalized carbon quantum dots. Cite this article. Bao, L. et al. Chem Commun 5:544557, Murray C, Norris DJ, Bawendi MG (1993) Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E= sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites. Int. Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Gustafsson J, Moller L. Copper Oxide Nanoparticles are Highly Toxic: A Comparison Between Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes, Potential Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION). The Role of Iron Redox State in the Genotoxicity of Ultrafine Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Investigation of the Genetic Toxicity by Dextran-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION) in HepG2 Cells Using the Comet Assay and Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay. 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In the same report, the authors also investigated the blood half-life of a second ultrasmall IONP type (size <10 nm, while AMI-25 was 72 nm) and found that these particles remain in the bloodstream with half-lives of 81min, indicating that IONP size plays a crucial role in particle clearance. In: Biomedical applications of functionalized nanomaterials. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(20):1261712621, CrossRef Auffan M, Rose J, Bottero J-Y, Lowry GV, Jolivet J-P, Wiesner MR. * Fluorescent proteins are used extensively for bioimaging due to their biocompatibility and potential genetic fusion to protein nanoparticles for a simple, one-pot synthesis (Figure 2 c), but may denature during in vivo circulation from serum protein adsorption.Yoo et al. Mater. Towards a Definition of Inorganic Nanoparticles From an Environmental, Health and Safety Perspective. Chem. By leveraging the versatile optical properties of different gold nanostructures, the performance of biosensing and biomedical imaging can be dramatically improved in terms of their sensitivity, specificity, speed, contrast, resolution and penetration depth. (Supplementary Figures S3S8) Elemental analysis shows the presence of elemental carbon as the major component (5075%) and other minor components, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorous. Bioconjug Chem 19(11):21892195, Gao S, Wang G, Qin Z, Wang X, Zhao G, Ma Q, Zhu L (2017) Oxygen-generating hybrid nanoparticles to enhance fluorescent/photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging guided tumor photodynamic therapy. Lindemann A, Ldtke-Buzug K, Frderich BM, Grfe K, Pries R, Wollenberg B. Kirschbaum K, Sonner JK, Zeller MW, Deumelandt K, Bode J, Sharma R, et al.. Fluorescent nanoprobes based on doped semiconductor nanocrystals50, fluorescent gold clusters51 and fluorescent silicon nanoparticles52 are under development and have yet to exhibit performances similar to that of quantum dots. Adv Mater 20(9):16711678, Shi P, Qu K, Wang J, Li M, Ren J, Qu X (2012) pH-responsive NIR enhanced drug release from gold nanocages possesses high potency against cancer cells. Almeida JPM, Chen AL, Foster A, Drezek R. Arami H, Khandhar A, Liggitt D, Krishnan KM. Chem. CAS 13, 385396 (2011). Geppert M, Hohnholt MC, Nrnberger S, Dringen R. Ferritin Up-Regulation and Transient ROS Production in Cultured Brain Astrocytes After Loading With Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Lysosomal Iron Liberation is Responsible for the Vulnerability of Brain Microglial Cells to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Comparison With Neurons and Astrocytes. Guosheng Song, Michael Kenney, Jianghong Rao, Hendrik Paysen, Norbert Loewa, Frank Wiekhorst, Yu-Chung Lin, Elena Perevedentseva, Chia-Liang Cheng, Hyung-Mo Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Bong-Hyun Jun, Marie Vancov, Radim Skoup, Petr Horodysk, Yasaman Esmaeili, Elham Bidram, Chun Cheng, Scientific Reports Google Scholar. Chem. PubMedGoogle Scholar. They exposed mice intratracheally with IONPs and found that these particles remained in the lungs for at least 90 days and enhanced the expression of antigen presentation-related proteins such as CD80, CD86, and MHC class II, on APCs in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Biomaterials 35(22):58145821, Jun YW, Lee JH, Cheon J (2008) Chemical design of nanoparticle probes for high-performance magneticresonance imaging. Methods X 3:297306, Bouziotis P, Psimadas D, Tsotakos T, Stamopoulos D, Tsoukalas C (2012) Radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles as dual-modality SPECT/MRI and PET/MRI agents. ACS Nano 5(7):52865290, Horie S, Watanabe Y, Ono M, Mori S, Kodama T (2011) Evaluation of antitumor effects following tumor necrosis factor- gene delivery using nanobubbles and ultrasound. Acc Chem Res 33(1):2736, Thomas R, Park IK, Jeong YY (2013) Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and therapy of cancer. ADS However, as foreign entities, such particles may be recognized by the immune system and, thus, lead to inflammation, hypersensitivity or anaphylactic shock. Chem. Plasmonic gold nanostructures for biosensing and bioimaging Physical Characterization and In Vivo Organ Distribution of Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Although higher temperatures (150300C) increase the rate of carbonisation, the promotion of rapid nucleation over growth restricts the FCNs to <4nm in size and the resultant emission colour of the FCNs is limited to blue and green. 128, 77567757 (2006). ; S.K.B. The synthesised yellow/brown solution was neutralised with NaOH. Hydrophilic FCNblue and FCNgreen were synthesised by dissolving 0.21.6g of carbohydrate in 310mL of water and the pH was made acidic or basic using solutions of NaOH or HCl. IONPs are generally considered as safe and non-toxic in vivo (59), however, such particles can have side effects such as local pain, hypotension, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic shock, vasodilatation and paraesthesia (9) which were the reasons for withdrawal oftheearlier clinical applied dextran/carboxydextran-coated IONP-formulations (Feridex/Endorem, Resovist/Cliavist, Sinerem/Combidex). Thus, the present approach would make high-quality FCNs available on a large scale for testing in various biomedical applications. Gold nanomaterials for optical biosensing and bioimaging We have also demonstrated that functionalised FCNs can be used as fluorescent biological labels to image and detect molecules inside cells. Mater. MRI Contrast Agents: Classification and Application (Review), Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Based MRI Contrast Agents: Current Status of Clinical Application, A Comprehensive Literatures Update of Clinical Researches of Superparamagnetic Resonance Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A nanocrystal shines on and off indefinitely -- ScienceDaily IONPs can also affect the function of APCs as shown in a study by Park and co-workers (87). Nat Med 13(1):95, Lee N, Cho HR, Oh MH, Lee SH, Kim K, Kim BH, Shin K, Ahn TY, Choi JW, Kim YW, Choi SH (2012) Multifunctional Fe3O4/TaO x Core/Shell nanoparticles for simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray computed tomography. Review on Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials: Bioimaging - MDPI Mater. Chem. Thiol-directed synthesis of highly fluorescent gold clusters and their conversion into stable imaging nanoprobes. In: Cancer imaging. 15, 28542860 (2003). Chem. Nature 347(6291):354, Kumar S, Rani R, Dilbaghi N, Tankeshwar K, Kim KH (2017) Carbon nanotubes: a novel material for multifaceted applications in human healthcare. Dr Samir Adhya and Anupam Chatterjee of IICB-Kolkata are acknowledged for providing confocal microscopic study. The quantum yields of the samples were measured in reference to quinine sulphate (QY = 58% at 354nm excitation) and fluorescein (QY = 95% at 465nm excitation). E-mail: In the first approach, different carbohydrate molecules that dehydrate at different temperatures were used as carbon sources. The composition varies based on the nature of the precursor carbohydrate and the presence of surface-adsorbed molecules. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 1(3):107, CrossRef Science 271, 317323 (1996). Google Scholar, Chhour P, Naha PC, ONeill SM, Litt HI, Reilly MP, Ferrari VA, Cormode DP (2016) Labeling monocytes with gold nanoparticles to track their recruitment in atherosclerosis with computed tomography. A variety of carbohydrates and different nucleation and growth conditions have been used to obtain FCNs with tunable emission and with high quantum yield. (Figure 5) TAT peptide- or folate-functionalised FCNs are mixed with cell culture medium and the cells are attached to culture plates. Bioconjug Chem 15(1):7986, CrossRef Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. 21, 55635565 (2009). Typically, 12mL of aqueous solution of FCNs was mixed with 25100L of a dimethylformamide solution of the conjugation reagent (25mg/mL) and after 30 minutes, 50100L of TAT peptide solution was added to the mixture. Medintz, I. L., Uyeda, H. T., Goldman, E. R. & Mattoussi, H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labeling and sensing. In addition to ROS formation and cytotoxicity, other adverse effects have been reported being caused by IONPs. (Table 1) XPS analysis further confirms the presence of trace nitrogen and phosphorous in some of the FCNs; these elements cannot be detected by conventional CHN analysis. (Supplementary Figure S10). For example, increase of ROS production was found for the IONP formulation Endorem in human liver cells (45), for Endorem, Resovist and VSOP C200 in C17.2 neural progenitor cells and PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells (46) or Feraheme in human T cells (47).
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