where is manila cathedral located

The tranva running along Escolta Street during the American period, During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed by December 24, 1941. Manila is known for its eclectic mix of architecture that includes a wide range of styles spanning the city's historical and cultural periods. It was later reconstructed by Fernando Ocampo from 1954 to 1958 and was introduced in 1958. Development of the light rail system began in the 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, when the LRT Line 1 was built, making it the first light-rail system in Southeast Asia. Unilever Philippines used to have its corporate office on United Nations Avenue in Paco before transferring to Bonifacio Global City in 2016. The Manila Cathedral is one of the most important and beautiful churches constructed by the Spanish. [39], The restored cathedra now bears a carving of the coat of arms Cardinal Jose Advincula, the present archbishop, imposed on top of white Indian marble. [42] It created a new dynasty under the local leader, who accepted Islam and became Rajah Salalila or Sulaiman I. Manila Cathedral - Google My Maps [262], Manila Metrostars participated in the Metropolitan Basketball Association. [48] About 200 families of mixed Spanish-Mexican-Filipino and Moluccan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at a later date. Manila's major sports venues include Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and San Andres Gym, the base of the now-defunct Manila Metrostars. - Because of the massive damage sustained in 1945, some of the cathedral's stunning walls have been rebuilt. This broke with centuries of tradition that reserved the right of lying-in-state beneath the dome to archbishops of Manila. Pope Gregory XIII in 1581 issued a papal bull consecrating the cathedral building to The Purest and Immaculate Conception of Mary,[12] while Miguel Lpez de Legazpi consecrated the city of Manila to Saint Potenciana. [188] MPD was cited as the Best Police District in Metro Manila in 2017 for registering the highest crime-solution efficiency. Quezon. Almost twenty years later, Manila Stars participated in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, reaching the Northern Division Finals in 2019. His Holiness, Pope John Paul II, now a canonized Saint, raised the Manila Cathedral to the dignity of a Basilica (motu proprio) on April 27, 1981, two months after his first visit to the Philippines in February 1981. This map was created by a user. Manila Cathedral attraction reviews - Trip.com I truly consider this to be a miracle church after all it has been through - 2 major fires; earthquakes in 1645, 1754, 1852, 1863, and 1880; the Seven . [18] In 1750, a media naranja ("half orange") dome was added to the crossing by the Florentine friar Juan de Uguccioni, who also introduced a transept to the structure. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899, "Japanese Bombs Fire Open City Of Manila; Civilian Toll Heavy; In=vaders Gain In Luzon", "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century", "Presidential Decree No. The cathedral was repaired in 1839, particularly the dome structure. [280] Under the proposed form of federalism in the Philippines, Manila may no longer be the capital and Metro Manila may no longer be the seat of government; the committee has not yet decided on the federal capital and states they are open to other proposals. [19] Following several earthquakes and typhoons, the fourth cathedral was demolished in 1751. It was lowered in 2011 to avoid further damages in case of any future disasters. [253], Other museums in the city are the Museo Pambata,[254] a children's museum;[255] and Plaza San Luis, an outdoor heritage public museum that includes nine Spanish Bahay na Bato houses. During World War II, Manila was razed to the ground by Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces. As of 2013[update], Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometres (16.56sqmi). The location is prominent and is in the Intramuras area close to Fort Santiago. The sixth cathedral was demolished in 1870. By royal decree of Philip II of Spain, Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint Pudentiana and Our Lady of Guidance. Since Pope John Paul II's apostolic visit to the basilica in 1981, a medallion bearing the papal arms has been placed beneath the cross of the faade and at the crossing above the high altar. The mass was celebrated for the bishops, priests, and the clergy in three languages: Latin, English, and Filipino. It is the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Manila, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Patroness of the country. The papal arms were added in 1981 to signify the cathedral's status as a basilica. The scarlet galeros of Cardinals Rufino Santos and Jaime Sin are also suspended from the ceiling of the dome. in Escolta saved from demolition", "Rizal Memorial saved from demolition by NHCP", "Estrada declares Manila City government "debt-free" after paying off GSIS arrears", "Erap leaves Manila in debt by P4.4billion COA", "Isko Moreno is new Manila mayor, defeats "Goliaths" in politics", "Ex-scavenger beats ex-president: Moreno in, Estrada out as Manila mayor", "End of an era for Estrada-Ejercito political clan? Inspired by the Reconquista, a war in mainland Spain to re-Christianize and reclaim parts of the country that had been ruled by the Umayyad Caliphate, he took advantage of a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Islamic Manila to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported their Manila vassals while his Mexican grandson Juan de Salcedo had a romantic relationship with Kandarapa, a princess of Tondo. [268], Manila celebrates civic and national holidays. Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. The rest of the place south of the street belongs to, This is the original Spanish, even used by Jos Rizal in, Error: Unable to display the reference properly. [25] Nil is derived from the Sanskrit word nla (), which refers to indigo dye and, by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye can be extracted. [citation needed] A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, in what is now Quezon City. When the church was elevated to a cathedral in 1579 (coinciding with the canonical erection of the Diocese of Manila), a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first-ever bishop of Manila. [119], Almost all of Manila sits on top prehistoric alluvial deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River and on land reclaimed from Manila Bay. The cathedral is located Intramuros, the old Spanish settlement in Manila, and has been the center of a lot of history. [293] In 1947, the government implemented a public housing policy that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC). Manila will phase out all gasoline-run tricycles and pedicabs, and replace them with electric tricycles (e-trikes), and plans to distribute 10,000 e-trikes to qualified tricycle drivers from the city. Quiapo Church, home of the iconic Black Nazarene, whose Traslacion feast is celebrated every January 9, Manila has many Taoist and Buddhist temples like Seng Guan Temple that serve the spiritual needs of the Chinese Filipino community. Other notable institutions based in Manila are the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Commission, Film Development Council of the Philippines, and the Cultural Center of the Philippines. Hotel in Intramuros, Manila (0.4 miles from Manila Cathedral) Located within the historic walled city of Intramuros, The Bayleaf is a 5-minute walk from SM Manila and 1 mi from Fort Santiago. As of 2015, these systems were undergoing a multi-billion-dollar expansion. [251][252] Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles Filipinos' desire for freedom during the revolution under Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. [178] During the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included people of any race born in the Philippines. Beaterio St., Intramuros, Manila, Philippines 1002, mlacathedral58@gmail.com (Donna Santos, Section Head - Office Services). Manila Cathedral is recognized as the main Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. [164] The historic Escolta Street in Binondo has many buildings of Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts architectural styles, many of which were designed by prominent Filipino architects during the American colonial period between the 1920s and the late 1930s. It is open daily. [88], During the martial law era, Manila became a center of resistance activity; youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military. [168], According to the 2020 Philippine census, Manila has a population of 1,846,513 people, making it the second-most-populous city in the Philippines. About Us | Manila Cathedral - Basilica With 71,263 people per square kilometer, Manila is the most densely populated city proper in the world. The Chapel which was called Souls in Purgatory was donated by a certain Capitan Antonio de Espinosa and his wife Maria de Riaga (Maria Acriaza in other books), a descendant of one of the oldest families in Manila. [31], The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby Angono Petroglyphs, which are dated to around 3000 BC. [6] Following the 2012 Negros earthquake and structural concerns, the cathedral temporarily closed on February 7, 2012 to give way for repairs for earthquake retrofitting and subsidence prevention. It is located in the Plaza de Roma in the historic district of Intramuros. The plan is a list of short-term priority projects and medium-to-long-term infrastructure projects that will last up to 2030. Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33-hectare (82-acre) compound were demolished,[216] and plans have been made to convert it into a transport hub or food park. [16], By 1597, the cathedral buildings were not finished, as it lacked a chapter hall, baptistry, bell tower, and cloister. A design commission was given to Daniel Burnham to create a master plan for the city patterned after Washington, D.C.[287] but the plans were abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of Manuel L. [82] The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta. Tomas, Intramuros, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines. The Minor Basilica of San Sebastin is the only all-steel church in Asia. Ramon Bagatsing was mayor from 1972 until the 1986 People Power Revolution. FAST FACTS: Manila Cathedral - RAPPLER The statues and busts currently decorating the area are duplicates of the originals. Both teams played in the San Andres Sports Complex. [222] The Landbank of the Philippines and Philippine Trust Company also have their headquarters in Manila. [a], Manila became famous for its role in the ManilaAcapulco galleon trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and brought goods from Europe, Africa, and Hispanic America across the Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia, and vice versa. He died on December 4, 1594, and never returned to Manila to reign as its first archbishop. Today, Manila has many historic sites. It was however damaged by an earthquake on September 16, 1852. Small vendors occupy several roads, causing pedestrian and vehicular traffic. [117][118] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of the natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation. The barangays that have jurisdictions over these places oversee the welfare of the city's constituents but cannot exercise their executive powers. Globalization and World Cities Research Network, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. [225], Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is a national park and the largest urban park in Asia. The current Manila Cathedral showcases a Romanesque Revival of Neo-Romanesque style. In 1868, another architect, Vicente Serrano y Salaverri, was commissioned to inspect and undertake a study of the ruins. Tondo was named using traditional Chinese characters in the Hokkien reading, Chinese: ; Peh-e-j: Tong-to; lit. Manila is made up of fourteen city districts, according to Republic Act No. [32] During this time, Paco Church was designated as the pro-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Manila. [23] The seismically active Marikina Valley Fault System poses a threat of a large-scale earthquake with an estimated magnitude of between 6 and 7, and as high as 7.6[137] to Metro Manila and nearby provinces. [138] Manila has experienced several deadly earthquakes, notably those of 1645 and 1677, which destroyed the stone-and-brick medieval city. [181] Manila's population dramatically increased since the 1903 census because people tended to move from rural areas to towns and cities. [116] The Pasig River flows through the middle of city, dividing it into north and south. [123][124] In line of the upcoming reclamation projects, the Philippines and the Netherlands agreed to a cooperation on the 250million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan to oversee future decisions on projects on Manila Bay. Tickets can be bought at booths located near Manila Cathedral, Casa Manila, Round Table, Manila HS, Lyceum, and Bureau of Internal Revenue office. [26] Pope John Paul II also celebrated Mass in the cathedral on February 17, 1981. [8] District 6 is listed as the densest with 68,266 inhabitants per km2, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710. Photo by Travels With A Hobo. [295], In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for 300 Manila residents whose slum community was destroyed by a fire in 2011. The victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, [a] also known as the Manila Cathedral, [b] is a cathedral and minor basilica located in Intramuros, the historic walled city within today's modern city of Manila, Philippines. [106][107] Moreno has served as the vice mayor under both Lim and Estrada. Manila Cathedral History - The Philippines Today A revolt by Andres Novales was inspired by the Latin American wars of independence but the revolt itself was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica. - Get a chance to view the huge organ that features 4,500 pipes. Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide has several branches and campuses in Manila. [citation needed], Development of public housing in Manila began in the 1930s under U.S. rule; Americans had to deal with the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas. [235][236] Shopping malls sell goods at bargain prices. In the 2016 elections, Estrada narrowly won over Lim. [267] The stadium also hosted its first rugby test for the 2012 Asian Five Nations Division I tournaments. In late 1625, two strong earthquakes had completely destroyed the entire cathedral. Fernando Ocampo, has eight (8) chapels. St. Stephen's Parish pro-cathedral in Santa Cruz district is the see of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines' Diocese of Central Philippines, while on Taft Avenue are the main cathedral and central offices of Iglesia Filipina Independiente (also called the Aglipayan Church), a nationalist church that is a product of the Philippine Revolution. The First Philippine Republic based in nearby Bulacan fought against the Americans for control of the city. The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception,[a] also known as the Manila Cathedral,[b] is a minor basilica located in Intramuros, the historic walled city within today's modern city of Manila, Philippines. based on 1137 reviews No. [127] Due to a failure to hold a plebiscite, attempts at reducing its number have not succeeded despite local legislationOrdinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996reducing the number from 896 to 150 by merging existing barangays. [212], Binondo, the oldest and one of the largest Chinatowns in the world, was the center of commerce and business activities in the city. [12][13] It was the first chartered city in the country, and was designated as such by the Philippine Commission Act 183 of July 31, 1901. It also houses important government agencies and institutions such as the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Departments of Budget and Management, Finance, Health, Justice, Labor and Employment, and Public Works and Highways. 409the Revised Charter of the City of Manilathe basis of which officially sets the present-day boundary of the city. The city has an ordinance penalizing cat-calling since 2018, and is the second city in the Philippines to do so after Quezon City, which passed a similar ordinance in 2016. [34][32] Today, this erroneous etymology continues to be perpetuated through casual repetition in literature[35][36] and in popular use. There are 113 Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 of which are considered major shrines, basilicas, or cathedrals. In May 1997, the Senate transferred to a new building, which it shares with the Government Service Insurance System on reclaimed land at Pasay. Other notable universities in the city include National University (1900), De La Salle University (1911), the largest of all De La Salle University System of schools, Far Eastern University (1928), and Adamson University (1939). The cathedral was nearly completed when Bishop Salazar left for Spain. This time, the materials used were stones. Location Manila Cathedral, Sto. Where to go for Visita Iglesia? - Ateneo de Manila University As the Church of Manila, it was established by the secular priest Juan de Vivero in 1571 under the patronage of Mary, La Purissima e Inmaculada Concepcion. It is located in the Plaza de Roma in the historic district of Intramuros. . The Cathedral of Manila is the most prominent Roman Catholic church in the Philippines. By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3), "In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." Private hospitals that operate in the city are Manila Doctors Hospital,[334] Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center,[335] Jos R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center,[336] Metropolitan Medical Center,[337] Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital,[338] and the University of Santo Tomas Hospital. In 2015, in line with President Noynoy Aquino's administration progress, the city became the most-competitive city in the Philippines. Manila Day, which celebrates the city's founding on June 24, 1571,[271] Spanish conquistador Miguel Lpez de Legazpi, was first proclaimed by the city's vice mayor Herminio A. Astorga on June 24, 1962. It underwent a major transformation under Uguccioni's designs. The entrance is free. [25] As an example, nearby Bacoor retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word bakod ("elevated piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the placename (e.g., Vacol, Bacor). THE MANILA CATHEDRAL THROUGH THE YEARS The images are the architectural evolution of the very first cathedral in the Philippines from 1581 to 1958. The Manila Cathedral-Basilica is the Premier Church of the Philippines because of all the Churches in the archipelago, it was the one chosen to become the Cathedral in 1581 when the Philippines was separated from the Archdiocese of Mexico and became a new diocese with its episcopal seat in Manila. A History of Manila Cathedral in Intramuros, Manila - Spot.ph Lim was succeeded by Lito Atienza, who served as his vice mayor, and was known for his campaign and slogun "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of several parks, and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. The Port of Manila, which is located in the western section of the city on Manila Bay, is the largest and chief seaport of the Philippines. Built from 1954 to 1958 under the supervision of Filipino architect Fernando H. Ocampo, after the previous structure was flattened in the Second World War, it's a masterpiece of architecture. [191] Manila Cathedral, the country's oldest established church, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila. [84], During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. [352] Manila is also the site of the main campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, the largest university in the country in terms of student population. The Manila Cathedral-Basilica is the Premier Basilica of the Philippines because among the Churches in the Philippines it is the only one elevated to the rank of a Basilica by the Pope's own initiative (motu proprio). The Manila Cathedral, located in the historic district of Intramuros, is a stunning architectural masterpiece with a rich history. [354] The city also contains Manila Science High School, a pilot science high school. After his death in 1605, the project was passed on to his successor, Diego Vzquez de Mercado. Of the five planned projects, only Horizon Manila was approved by the Philippine Reclamation Authority in December 2019 and was scheduled for construction in 2021. [117][118], In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects; the New Manila BayCity of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares (1,006.8 acres)), Solar City (148 hectares (370 acres)), Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares (120 acres)), Manila Waterfront City (318 hectares (790 acres)),[120] and Horizon Manila (419 hectares (1,040 acres)). [355], Manila hosts the foreign embassies of the United States[387] and Vietnam. [69] The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured its president Emilio Aguinaldo, who pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901. Manila Cathedral - Basilica He established a trading challenge to the already rich House of Lakan Dula in Tondo. Trolley rides are unofficial and unregulated but tolerated by authorities. [313][314][315][316], Satellite navigation company TomTom ranked Manila as the second world's most-traffic-congested city in 2019. It was consecrated on December 21, 1581; formally becoming a cathedral. The cathedral, which is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, has undergone multiple renovations and reconstructions since its original construction in the 16th century.The current structure, which was completed in 1958, features a mix of Gothic and Renaissance . During this period until the 1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. [99] Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted, or approved for demolition; these include the post-war Santa Cruz Building, Capitol Theater, El Hogar, Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and Rizal Memorial Stadium. 351-8; Cesar Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973) pp. [179][180] This explains the abrupt drop of the proportion of Chinese, Spanish, and Mestizo peoples across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903. Typhoons usually occur from June to September. In the 1960 census, Manila became the first Philippine city to exceed one million people more than five times of its 1903 population. San Agustin Church and Manila Cathedral - AFAR Other teams that represented Manila but did not host games in the city are the Manila Jeepney F.C. Discover all the adventures you can experience in the Philippines, Manila Cathedral, Sto. Its cathedral is the Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, also known as the Manila Cathedral, located in Intramuros, which comprises the old city of Manila. Manila Health Department operates 59 health centers and six city-run hospitals, which are free of charge for the city's constituents. [218] Major tourist destinations include the historic Walled City of Intramuros, the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex,[note 1] Manila Ocean Park, Binondo (Chinatown), Ermita, Malate, Manila Zoo, the National Museum Complex, and Rizal Park. [245][246] The National Historical Commission of the Philippines maintains two history museums in the city, which are the Museo ni Apolinario Mabini PUP and the Museo ni Jose Rizal Fort Santiago. [25] This plant species, however, was only recently introduced into the Philippines from South America and therefore could not be the source of the toponym for old Manila.[25]. [15] The other religious who were pillars of the parish were Juan de Vivaneta and Nicolas Riccio. The Chapel-Shrine has a marble altar piece by the Italian Giuseppe Perischetti. The cathedral's unique and complicated interiors boast one of the largest pipe organs and other remarkable features, while the Bronze Panel provides insights into the building's past. The 1905 Burnham Plan of Manila recommended improving the city's transit systems by creating diagonal arteries radiating from the new central civic district into areas at the outskirts of the city. [25], Maynil was eventually Hispanicized into Spanish as Manila. The Blessed Virgin Mary, under the title Immaculate Conception, is the principal patroness of the archdiocese. [22], During the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa opened the cathedral to Spanish soldiers who sought refuge. Members of Islam and other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of the population. Manila welcomes over one million tourists each year. Fr. The earliest available record attests to the inclusion of a Chapel dedicated to the Holy Souls in the third structure of the Manila Cathedral, whose rebuilding was completed in December 1641. [80][81] Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops. I WILL LISTEN | CATHEDRAL HOMILIES "Being God's chosen is not to be honored but to be loved." - Fr. [91] In 1992, Alfredo Lim was elected mayor, the first Chinese-Filipino to hold the office. [311] The city is also served by Ninoy Aquino International Airport, the country's main international airport and domestic air hub. The cathedral's 50th restoration anniversary was celebrated in 2008, highlighted by the second Manila Cathedral Pipe Organ Festival from December 2 to 10, organized by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines. Manila is a planned city. By 2010, cracks were detected in some critical sections of the cathedral, causing it to not meet the standards of the 2010 National Structural Code of the Philippines. As the Premier Church, Premier Cathedral and Premier Basilica, the Manila Cathedral-Basilica is the Mother of all Churches, Cathedrals and Basilicas in the Philippines. This is evidenced by the inclusion of a Chapel dedicated to the Holy Souls among the several chapels incorporated in the rebuilding of the Manila Cathedral every now and then after being destroyed either by fire or earthquake or typhoon or bombings like what happened during the Battle of Liberation in World War II. [197], San Agustn Church in Intramuros, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [14] De Vivero, the chaplain on the galleon of San Gernimo, was sent by the Archbishop of Mexico, Alonso de Montfar, to establish Christianity as the spiritual and religious administration in newly colonized Philippines. DOH also operates Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, and Tondo Medical Center. [388] Honorary consulates of Belize, Burkina Faso, Jordan, Nepal, Poland, Thailand, and Tunisia are based in the city.[389]. Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, University Athletic Association of the Philippines, 199596 Philippine Basketball League season, Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium, procession of the Feast of the Black Nazarene, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Film Development Council of the Philippines, Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, List of universities and colleges in Manila, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, https://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=13&p=39, "Demographia World Urban Areas 17th Annual Edition: 202106", "Demographia World Urban Areas PDF (July 2022)", "Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population)", "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2018", "Manilathe world's most densely-populated city", "Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population", "GaWC The World According to GaWC 2018", "Metro Manila is world's second riskiest capital to live inpoll", Manila named worlds most loving capital city, "Philippine Studies: V. The Origin of the Name Manila", The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peablanca Cave Sites, Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines, "Making money at the blessed place of Manila: Armenians in the MadrasManila trade in the eighteenth century*", "Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763)", "West Coast of the Island Of Luzon | Tourist Attractions", "Connecting the Indies: the hispano-asian Pacific world in early Modern Global History", "Semantics of Colonization and Revolution", "Filipinos In Mexico's History 4 (The Mexican Connection The Cultural Cargo Of The Manila-Acapulco Galleons) By Carlos Quirino", s:Letter from E.S.
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