Metabolic effects of calagualine, an antitumoral saponine of Polypodium leucotomos. Polypodium is a fern of the Polypodiaceae family that is unique to Central and South America. PL aerial part has proven to exert antioxidant, photoprotective and immunomodulatory activities; its mechanism of action is complex and includes several activities: (1) PL diminishes the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS); (2) PL inhibits . Is Polypodium leucotomos effective for Acne? The division of genera within the Polypodiaceae is fairly gray, considering that systematically, gametophytes differ only very slightly amongst different genera. Polypodium leucotomos decreases UV-induced epidermal cell proliferation and enhances p53 expression and plasma antioxidant capacity in hairless mice. 1987;15(4):185-189. Moreover, another research published in 2018, confirmed the safety and effectiveness of using polypodium leucotomos in combination with hydroquinone and sunscreen for melasma. A Safety and Efficacy Study of Oral Heliocare (Polypodium leucotomos Extract) in Healthy Adult Subjects. A pilot study. It is a small, perennial plant that grows to a height of about 30 cm (11.8 inches). Polypodium leucotomos is used to prevent certain skin problems including sunburn, eczema (atopic dermatitis), psoriasis, vitiligo, and skin cancer. Health supplements have been a passion of mine for over 10 years straight. In her opinion, then, adding a supplement can be beneficial when used in addition to a topical sunscreen. Med Cutan Iber Lat Am 1982;10:203-208. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Both its thin, green leaves and underground stems (rhizomes) have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries (1). PMID: 26885792; PMCID: PMC5189711. Specifically, there was less disorganization of F-actin-based cytoskeletal structures and a reduction in the coalescence of the tubulin cytoskeleton. View abstract. "We know that UV light creates free. Middelkamp-Hup MA, Pathak MA, Parrado C, et al. Topical or oral administration with an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psoralen-induced phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin. While you should never skip sunscreen, some foods may protect you from sun damage.
It is a rhizomatous fern, with the creeping rhizome 815 mm (rarely 30 mm) in diameter, densely covered in the golden-brown scales that give the species its name. An official website of the United States government. Similarly, another recent study in the Journal of Frontiers in Medicine in 2021, reiterates Fernblocks function in improving sunscreen protection. A review study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2011, describes its positive impact on treating skin conditions like sunburn, eczema, and psoriasis and preventing aging. Fernblock is a standardized natural extract of Polypodium Leucotomos, a plant found in tropical areas like Central and South America. It has been traditionally used for treating skin diseases (e.g., psoriasis and atopic dermatitis) in the original areas [ 57 ]. However, data are lacking with the majority of Polypodium leucotomos formulations (including extracts) related to their quantitative and qualitative polyphenol content and specific . A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract as an adjunct to sunscreen in the treatment of melasma.
Derms weigh in on polypodium leucotomos benefits Kalawalla (Polypodium leucotomos) is an alkaline herb native to Central and South America. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1997;13:50-60. Heliocare Antioxidant Supplement for The Skin 60 Capsules (2 Pack), Upset Stomach (Gastrointestinal Complaints). 2015;41(8):898-902. Vasnge M, Rolfsen W, Bohlin L. A sulphonoglycolipid from the fern Polypodium decumanum and its effect on the platelet activating-factor receptor in human neutrophils. But, as Nazarian pointed out, were not perfect humans who apply (and reapply) the perfect amount of sunscreen every single day. Parrado C, Mascaraque M, Gilaberte Y, Juarranz A, Gonzalez S. Fernblock (Polypodium leucotomos Extract): Molecular Mechanisms and Pleiotropic Effects in Light-Related Skin Conditions, Photoaging and Skin Cancers, a Review. 1981;72(9-10):487-494. The ability of P. leucotomos treatment to protect against UV-induced death of human fibroblasts has been demonstrated by others as well22. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Photoaging induced by both ultraviolet and visible light has been shown to lead to increased inflammation and dysregulation of the extracellular matrix. Vasnge-Tuominen M, Perera-Ivarsson P, Shen J, et al. One study in 10 healthy adults found that those who took 3.4 mg of Polypodium leucotomos per pound (7.5 mg per kg) of body weight the night before UV exposure experienced significantly less skin damage and sunburn than people in the control group (13). Polypodium leucotomos. These findings support the concept that P. leucotomos reduces oxidative DNA damage. P. leucotomos treatment of human fibroblasts had a protective effect on the morphological changes that occur following UV exposure. View abstract. Members of the family Polypodiaceae are most closely related to the Davalliaceae, with further relationships noted to Oleandraceae, Tectariaceae, and the Lomariopsidaceae within the order Polypodiales, which contains 80% of todays ferns species (see additional page for picture). Ramrez-Bosca A, Zapater P, Betlloch I, et al. Participants with Fitzpatrick skin types II to III (N=9) were exposed to gradually increasing doses of UV radiation from a xenon arc lamp emitting wavelengths between 305 and 400 nm, in a manner similar to that used to determine the MED. 3 However, compliance with frequent sunscreen application is difficult; a more . 2014 Feb;13(2):148-53. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Clinical studies have shown that Polypodium leucotomos extract provides photoprotection against the effects of both UVB and UVA light. According to one study from The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, Polypodium leucotomos, when taken orally for a regular period of time, proved to be an effective means for reducing the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. There were no significant between-group differences in sun exposure before or during the study, however, subjects in the placebo group showed a six-fold greater chance of experiencing at least one sunburn during the study than did subjects taking the P. leucotomos extract (p=0.04). There are a number of home. The aqueous extract of the fern Polypodium leucotomos (PLE), Fernblock (IFC, Madrid, Spain), has demonstrated antioxidant and photoprotective activities and has been used for the treatment of several pigmentary disorders. J Drugs Dermatol. Introduction: Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder with a multifactorial etiology that can hinder its management. For instance, Giudice et al. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. Polypodium leucotomos is good for cancer due to its rich chemical antioxidant composition which modulates the expression of cancer and inflammatory genes and inhibits certain pathways responsible for cancer induction.
Polypodium Leucotomos Extract 240mg 200 Veggie Capsules (Vegetarian As an Amazon Associate, cesupplement.com earns commissions from qualifying purchases made through our links to Amazon. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. 2012;103(7):599-607. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Role of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract in dermatologic diseases: a review of the literature. NB-UVB plus oral Polypodium leucotomos extract display higher efficacy than NB-UVB alone in patients with vitiligo. A bootstrapping technique proves that, at a 90% confidence level, the polypodiaceous ferns form a sister relationship with tree ferns. These regimens, while reasonably effective, are hindered by adverse effects such as irritation and ochronosis. Capella Perez, M. C. and Castells, Rodellas A. Alcaraz MV, Pathak MA, Rius F, Kollias N, Gonzlez S. An extract of Polypodium leucotomos appears to minimize certain photoaging changes in a hairless albino mouse animal model. P. leucotomos extract has been shown to be photoprotective against UV-induced cell damage. J Am Acad Dermatol. Its antitumor effects were alluded to nearly 50 years ago5. This article provides an overview of pharmacology, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and clinical data of Polypodium leucotomos L. (PL). Mohammad A. Vitiligo repigmentation with Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos). Caccialanza M, Recalcati S, Piccinno R. Oral polypodium leucotomos extract photoprotective activity in 57 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. Middelkamp-Hup MA, Pathak MA, Parrado C, et al. Thus, this natural plant extract has the potential to complement sunscreens and other methods of photoprotection. Polypodium leucotomos supplementation has shown benefit in humans with oral supplementation of 7.5mg/kg for skin health (dose based on weight due to correlating with the amount of skin somebody has); this results in a dosage of:. [7] Oral Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases ultraviolet-induced damage of human skin. Members of the non-grammatids in this subfamily include the genera Phlebodium as well as Polypodium, from which Phlebodium is derived and which most likely is its closest relative.
Research Breakdown on Polypodium Leucotomos Mercadal, Peyri O. and Maesci, Cappitanio F. [Preliminary communication on the treatment of psoriasis with anapsos]. 8-oxo-dG is a pre-mutagenic marker of oxidative damage to DNA and is caused by the UV-induced generation of reactive oxygen species. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. PMID: 27367679; PMCID: PMC4964402. FB is an interesting candidate for providing protection against the previously-stated alterations due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [ 29 ]. If people believe the pills will protect them from the sun, they may be less inclined to apply a topical sunscreen as well. Effect of Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos extract) on in vitro production of cytokines. Of the 25 evaluable PLE participants, 80% improved; 31% reported that their response to sunlight normalized, 13% had clear improvement, and 36% had slight improvement.
Let's talk about melasma - Dermatology Times 30%), and in 5 of the 18 subjects following UVB photoprovocation (28%). See additional information. Dr. Ellis serves as a consultant to Ferndale Healthcare, Inc. and to companies that market products for the treatment or prevention of photoaging, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Standardized extract of the Polypodium leucotomos fern, PLE, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and has been shown to potentially mitigate photoaging through various mechanisms. That is topical sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or more.. Look for a brand that has been tested by a third party and dont take more than the recommended dose. Consistent with its photoprotective effect there were significantly fewer sunburn cell numbers (P < .05), cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (P < .001), proliferating epidermal cells (P < .001), dermal mast cell infiltration in biopsy specimens (P < .05) compared to those of untreated patients. P. leucotomos was continued during the photoprovocation testing. Additionally, the family Polypodiaceae is broken into a number of subfamilies, with Phlebodium a member of the non-grammatid tribe within the subfamily Polypodioideae. Long-term safety is unknown. Two experts are helping us clear up the issue: Dr. Rachel Nazarian of Schweiger Dermatology Group in Manhattan and Dr. Jeanine Downie, a board-certified dermatologist and contributing medical expert to Zwivel.com, talked to HuffPost about whether sun protection supplements work, how they should be used and whether we need them. The fern is also found in creams and ointments, but research on the safety and efficacy of these products is currently unavailable. Several studies have shown that antioxidants in Polypodium leucotomos specifically protect skin cells from free radical damage associated with UV exposure (1, 5, 6, 7). J Drugs Dermatol. Nestor M, Bucay V, Callender V, Cohen JL, Sadick N, Waldorf H. Polypodium leucotomos as an Adjunct Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders. Cis-urocanic acid is a well-studied mediator of UVB-induced immune suppression.23 In that study, the protective effects of P. leucotomos following UV exposure in terms of proliferation and survival was also observed with the human HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. Ramrez-Bosca A, Zapater P, Betlloch I, et al.
Vitiligo: What to Eat for Better Management - Verywell Health 2012;89(4):183-4. Polypodium leucotomos might have antioxidant effects. Why is Polypodium leucotomos good for Cancer? Together, these data indicate that extracts of this unique plant utilize multiple mechanisms for providing photoprotection and therapeutic activity that include reducing UV-induced cell damage, reducing oxidative stress and DNA damage, blocking UV radiation-induced immune suppression, and inhibiting the release of UV-induced levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inflammatory cytokines. Rain or shine, January through December, I dont care what time of year it is, I want people to wear sunblock.. government site. Decrease of ultraviolet A light-induced "common deletion" in healthy volunteers after oral Polypodium leucotomos extract supplement in a randomized clinical trial. The site is secure. PUVA is a form of light therapy used to. As the FDA aptly stated, Theres no pill or capsule that can replace your sunscreen..
Polypodium leucotomos Extract as Sunscreen Adjunct Subjects in the PLE group had a 22-fold greater incidence (odds ratio) of an increase in UVB MED compared to the Placebo group after 28 days of treatment (p=0.01)32. This comprehensive review presents the data . G Ital Dermatol Venereol.
Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. After two weeks of P. leucotomos treatment, repeat photoprovocation studies were performed. 2018 Jun 1;17(6):611-617. The only adverse event was a worsening of irritable bowel syndrome in one patient. Current research suggests that up to 480 mg a day of oral Polypodium leucotomos is safe for the general population, but more research is needed. Fruits and vegetables: Focus on eating antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables. Botanical products can vary extensively. [7] Consequently, Polypodium leucotomos supplementation has been posited as an adjunct photoprotection strategy in combination with traditional UV filters, such as sunscreen.[8]. Several round sori run along each side of the pinna midrib, and the minute spores are wind-dispersed. Rodrguez-Yanes E, Juarranz , Cuevas J, et al. In the video below, Dr. Salvador Gonzalez explains the photoprotective properties of Polypodium Leucotomos: This is our recommended Fernblock Supplement (Amazons Choice): The FDA hasnt completely banned polypodium leucotomos, however, theyve clearly stated that theyre against using oral supplements as an alternative for sunscreens. She recommends patients ingest polypodium leucotomos orally twice daily to improve melasma. People use Polypodium leucotomos for sunburn, eczema ( atopic dermatitis ), scaly, itchy skin ( psoriasis ), a skin disorder that causes white patches to develop on the skin ( vitiligo ), and. Some early research suggests that taking Polypodium leucotomos doesn't help to lighten dark skin patches from melasma. View abstract. 1981;72(1-2):65-68. Phenolic components and antioxidant activity of Fernblock, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of the fern Polypodium leucotomos. View abstract. At three times the MED, those values increased 702.9% and 101.6%, respectively (p=0.07). Phlebodium is one of the 178 genera in the family Polypodiaceae.
The potential effect of Polypodium leucotomos extract on ultraviolet Siscovick JR, Zapolanski T, Magro C, et al. Is Polypodium leucotomos Banned? Antioxidant properties are likely behind the ability of Polypodium leucotomos to prevent and treat skin issues (2, 3). [4] Clinical studies have shown that Polypodium leucotomos extract provides photoprotection against the effects of both UVB and UVA light. One study demonstrated that pretreatment of human keratinocytes with P. leucotomos inhibited solar-simulator-UV-mediated increase of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production and prevented nitric oxide synthase induction20. The South American P. leucotomos species is known locally as "calaguala" and extracts of this fern are called "anapsos." Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in murine and human nonmelanoma skin cancers: implications for therapeutic approaches. warning about the risks of using oral supplements, effective means for reducing the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation, up to 80 percent of the suns rays can penetrate through the clouds. PMID: 24688621; PMCID: PMC3970827. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your, The Role Gut Bacteria Plays on the Overall Body, Eczema (atopic dermatitis). 2015 Feb;8(2):19-23. Gonzalez S, Pathak MA. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. 1. PMID: 24509964. Nevertheless, more research is needed to fully understand the possible side effects (9, 14). Two weeks after UV exposure, mutations in P. leucotomos-fed-mice were approximately 25% less than those from mice treated with UV alone11. JAMA Dermatol. PMID: 30133125. Perez C, Parker-Thornburg J, Mikulec C, et al. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. Downie also stressed that sunblock should be worn in any weather, as up to 80 percent of the suns rays can penetrate through the clouds, even on gray and gloomy days. A study published in 2016, discusses the role of polypodium leucotomos for cancer prevention among other health benefits. Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases UV-induced Cox-2 expression and inflammation, enhances DNA repair, and decreases mutagenesis in hairless mice.
Polypodium leucotomos Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Its not like theyre blocking the radiation or offering a shield against ultraviolet radiation., There is one supplement, Heliocare, that Downie and Nazarian said theyve recommended to their patients, especially those who are extremely fair or very photosensitive. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Polypodium leucotomos as an Adjunct Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders", "Polypodium Leucotomos--An Overview of Basic Investigative Findings", "The impact of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract on ultraviolet B response: A human clinical study", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phlebodium_aureum&oldid=1156370633, Flora of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Flora of the United States Virgin Islands, Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2020, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 May 2023, at 14:24. Alzheimers disease and dementia), Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. However, further phylogenetic studies need to be conducted regarding the current status of the genus, and which of the species are the most related. It is also used for other cancers and Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 10404722. View abstract. Int J Mol Sci. Theres very little research on the side effects Fernblock (Polypodium Leucotomos Extract), these are minor and include: Polypodium Leucotomos is safe in oral doses of up to 480 mg per day or when taken by mouth or applied to the skin, in the short term (up to 5 months). A., Pichel, V., Perez, P., Laredo, M., Corzo, D., Zas, R., Fernandez-Novoa, L., Sempere, J. M., Diaz, J., and Cacabelos, R. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study with anapsos in senile dementia: effects on cognition, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral hemodynamics. These results serve as the scientific rationale and basis for the protection and effectiveness afforded by P. leucotomos in cutaneous diseases. 2014 Jul;23(7):526-8. doi: 10.1111/exd.12454. Decrease of ultraviolet A light-induced "common deletion" in healthy volunteers after oral Polypodium leucotomos extract supplement in a randomized clinical trial. View abstract. The name often used in modern biomedicine is technically a deprecated synonym for the plant name Phlebodium aureum. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1996;12:45-56. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported during 2 months of treatment and there were no significant changes in physical examinations, clinical laboratory parameters or vital signs. The fronds are large and pinnatifid (deeply lobed), from 30130 cm long and 1050 cm broad, with up to 35 pinnae; they vary in color from bright green to glaucous green and have undulate margins. Heres what we know about sunburn and cancer risk. Other studies suggest that the fern may protect against skin damage caused by the sun and prevent inflammatory reactions to sun exposure (10, 11, 12). P. leucotomos extracts have been used for the treatment of psoriasis in South America and Spain1 and growing clinical scientific evidence suggests P. leucotomos is also beneficial for the treatment of various skin disorders and conditions including atopic dermatitis2, vitiligo3 and, because it affords sun protection from ultraviolet radiation, prevention of polymorphic light eruption4. Decoctions have been used as a panacea in Central American folk medicine. Bernd A, Ramirez-Bosca A, Huber H, et al. Phlebodium aureum is well-adapted to cultivation and is valued both as an ornamental plant and in herbal medicine. In the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study healthy subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV were randomized to receive oral PL extract (240 mg) twice daily at 8 AM and 2 PM for 2 months (N=20) and the other group received a placebo capsule twice daily for 2 months (N=20). Thus, this means that it can contribute to the treatment of skin pigmentation disorders such as melasma. There is abundant evidence that UVB radiation-induced immunosuppression is a major contributing factor to UVB-induced skin cancers in mice15. Why is Polypodium leucotomos good for Anti-aging? Impact of ultraviolet radiation and exposome on rosacea: Key role of photoprotection in optimizing treatment. Tanew A, Radakovic S, Gonzalez S, Venturini M, Calzavara-Pinton P. Oral administration of a hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos for the prevention of polymorphic light eruption. The mechanism of action of oral Polypodium . Rodrguez-Yanes E, Cuevas J, Gonzlez S, Mallol J. Polypodium leucotomos might have antioxidant effects. The MED and UVB-associated erythema were assessed in 12 subjects from each group on Days 0, 14 and 28. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018;11(3):14-19. While many of the studies performed on mice cannot be conducted in humans, many in vitro studies using human cell cultures have demonstrated the photoprotective and beneficial effects of P. leucotomos. (7 Fernblock Benefits). Choose non-starchy vegetables like broccoli, asparagus, Brussels sprouts, beets, carrots, cauliflower, green beans, and spinach. Correll and Correll, two authors responsible for thirty years of classification since Flora was introduced in 1982, documented Phlebodium aureum as Polypodium aureum as recently as 1982. (Deeper, darker-colored fruits and vegetables usually contain more antioxidants.) Based on the results of current studies, taking up to 480 mg of oral Polypodium leucotomos per day appears to be safe for most people. Other studies have assessed the ability of P. leucotomos to counteract UV radiation-associated skin cancers. Alcaraz MV, Pathak MA, Rius F, et al. Origin and discovery of Polypodium leucotomos. Garcia F, Pivel JP, Guerrero A, et al. What you eat affects many aspects of health including your skin. The appropriate dose of Polypodium leucotomos depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. These patients then began treatment with oral P. leucotomos based on body weight: patients weighing 55 kg received 720 mg daily, those weighing 5670 kg received 960 mg daily and those weighing > 70 kg received 1200 mg daily of P. leucotomos. One week later subjects were randomized to either receive or not receive oral P. leucotomos, 240 mg given 8 and 2 hours prior to UVA exposure. Interestingly, an extract from the related fern Polypodium decumanum has been used to treat psoriasis and related immunological disorders. Although further research into the risks and side effects are needed there are some concerns about heart medications interactions. Polypodium leucotomos (PL) is a fern with origins in Central and South America where it has a historical role in traditional medicine.
Fernblock (Polypodium leucotomos Extract): Molecular Mechanisms and Villa A, Viera MH, Amini S, et al. The photoprotection activity of a hydrophilic botanical extract from Polypodium leucotomos, FB, against potential blue light-induced skin damage was also evaluated. A study published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology in 2007, concluded that theres a positive impact on re-pigmenting of vitiligo in light skin types after using NB-UVB phototherapy is combined with oral polypodium leucotomos.
The Aqueous Extract of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock) Regulates J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. In addition to their standard treatment, patients were randomized to receive P. leucotomos extract capsules or placebo for 6 months. Skin cancer), Helps in treating cognitive diseases (ex. At two times the MED, mean common deletion values in the untreated group increased by 159.7% over baseline while the mean common deletion values in the P. leucotomos-treated decreased by 42.3% (p=0.06). Four subjects treated with P. leucotomos extract reported mild episodic fatigue, bloating, and headaches while one placebo-treated subject reported fatigue. What are the Benefits of Fernblock (Polypodium Leucotomos Extract)? Theres nothing better than putting sunblock on your actual face, neck, ears, backs of hands every morning, and then reapplying it multiple times a day, said Downie, whose patients call her the sunblock queen, the sunblock police and the sunblock reckoner. The underground "runners" (rhizomes) are used for medicine. All of our supplements pass through extensive quality control testing before being bottled and sold. View abstract. Of those patients who were not completely protected with P. leucotomos, partial protection occurred. A randomized, double-blind study was designed to determine whether the use of P. leucotomos extract could reduce the use of topical corticosteroids in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis2. Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits glutathione oxidation and prevents Langerhans cell depletion induced by UVB/UVA radiation in a hairless rat model. In the first study, patients with PLE and 2 subjects with solar urticaria were treated with oral P. leucotomos 480 mg daily31. Mulero M, Romeu M, Giralt M, et al. Polypodium leucotomos is a tropical fern from Central and South America. In order to get the SPF they advertise on the bottle, it really needs to be applied in a nice, healthy amount and then it needs to be reapplied throughout the day, she said.
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