Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2014.939628, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.006, https://doi.org/10.18053/jctres.04.201801.005. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. Jaeschke, H. (2018). Chronic exposure to o-toluidine in humans was also observed in multiple retrospective cohort studies in the dyestuff industry. [15], Several studies have been performed over the years to determine the sensitivity and specificity of in vivo TB staining. [22] Although the specificity of the technique is less which could be attributed to the inability to biopsy normal tissues which does not take up TB, it can still be used as an important adjuvant as a diagnostic aid because in a clinical setting, false-positive results are of less concern than false-negative results and any positive findings should be confirmed on biopsy for the presence of dysplasia or carcinoma. ortho -Toluidine (CH 3 C 6 H 4 NH 2) is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Kumar GL, Kiernan JA. The dye is sometimes used by surgeons to help highlight areas of mucosal dysplasia (which preferentially take up the dye compared to normal tissue) in premalignant lesions (e.g. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The aims of this study were to determine the optimal incubation time needed for the absorption . 2010). The strongly acidic macromolecular carbohydrates of mast cells and cartilage are coloured red by the blue dye, a phenomenon called metachromasia. and parasites. Major metabolites are 4-amino-m-cresol and to a lesser extent, N-acetyl-4-amino-m-cresol,[11] azoxytoluene, o-nitrosotoluene, N-acetyl-o-toluidine, N-acetyl-o-aminobenzyl alcohol, anthranilic acid, N-acetyl-anthranilic acid, 2-amino-m-cresol, p-hydroxy-o-toluidine. [23] Nitrosotoluene converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin, resulting in methemoglobinemia. Double- labelling experiments with anti-X antibody and toluidine blue demonstrate the presence of toluidine-blue-stained apoptotic bodies in many of the anti-X-positive cells (Fig. Corneybacterium diphtheria contains granules with polymerized inorganic polyphosphate, which stains red violet color. Cartilage. 67104. PDT generates toxic reactive oxygen species as an end product of the interaction between the photosensitizer and light with an appropriate wavelength. Under normal conditions, nucleated scales covering the papillae on the dorsum of the tongue as well as the pores of seromucinous glands in hard palate are frequently stained with TB. High-Performance Polarization Microscopy Reveals Structural Remodeling in Rat Calcaneal Tendons Cultivated In Vitro. (1970), Zavon et al. This review . The o-toluidine metabolite o-nitrosotoluene, is proven to cause bladder cancer in rats and is thought to bind to hemoglobin in humans. If TB positivity still persists, the lesion should be considered suspicious and biopsy should be performed to rule out carcinoma. The study found 100% sensitivity and 52% specificity.[2]. Other studies include Vigliani & Barsotti (1961), Khlebnikova et al. Acta Histochem. Siddiqui IA, Farooq MU, Siddiqyi RA, Rafe SM. It is a toxic substance harmful to the eyes, skin, and when swallowed or inhaled. Toluidine Blue Stock Solution: Toluidine Blue O 1.0 gm 70% alcohol 100.0 ml Mix, solution is stable for 6 months. There are three forms of metachromasia alpha (), beta (), and gamma (g) giving a range of colors [Table 1]. Onofre MA, Sposto MR, Navarro CM. o-toluidine and metabolites are known to bind to hemoglobin. It has found wide applications both as vital staining in living tissues and as a special stain owing to its metachromatic property. Keep away from heat. Exposure to o-toluidine enhances the microsomal activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (particularly in the kidney), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the content of cytochrome P-450. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Principally, van der Waals forces hold the dye together to form dimers, trimers, or polymers. [7] Large prilocaine doses can cause methemoglobinemia due to oxidation of hemoglobin by o-toluidine.[8]. Culling CF, Allison TR. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. The results include increased incidence of death and increased incidence of bladder cancer. Description: Toluidine Blue Solution is designed for metachromatic staining of acidic substances. Toluidine blue O (TBO) is a phenothiazine dye that, due to its photochemical characteristics and high affinity for biomembranes, has been revealed as a new photosensitizer (PS) option for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). [2], o-Toluidine is produced industrially by nitration of toluene to give a mixture of nitrotoluenes, favoring the ortho isomer. Skin: May be harmful if absorbed through skin. National Library of Medicine Inhalation exposure was not identified. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The action of Toluidine blue O pH 4.0 was tested for both fresh and previously clarified free-hand sections from leaves of different species of plant. Figure 5: Transverse sections of a rat sciatic nerve stained with toluidine blue under different magnifications. Toluidine blue stains esophageal malignancies and dysplasia, although Lugol's iodine solution has supplanted it to a great extent. Such staining reaction is known as metachromasy and the tissue is said to exhibit metachromasia and the dye as a metachromatic dye. 1992;21:1603. Siddiqui IA, Farooq MU, Siddiqyi RA, Rafe SM. [9] TB is typically applied from weakly acidic aqueous solutions. Rosenberg D, Cretin S. Use of meta-analysis to evaluate tolonium chloride in oral cancer screening. Many common household products . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! It has found wide applications both as vital. Inhalation: May be harmful if inhaled. Details of the Supplier of the Safety Data Sheet . Toluidine blue ortho is a photosensitizer that is commonly used in the photodynamic treatment of bacterial infection and a promising photosensitizer for cancer treatment. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Determination of three carcinogenic aromatic amines in urine of smokers and nonsmokers", "Genetic susceptibility and carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in human urinary bladder carcinogenesis", "Establishing a total allowable concentration of o-toluidine in drinking water incorporating early lifestage exposure and susceptibility", "DNA damage and estrogenic activity induced by the environmental pollutant 2-nitrotoluene and its metabolite", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O-Toluidine&oldid=1112979983, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles needing additional references from July 2016, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 200 to 202C (392 to 396F; 473 to 475K), This page was last edited on 29 September 2022, at 02:54. 2006;42:8995. Epub 2019 Jun 26. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. DANGER: May include one or more of the following statements: fatal/toxic if . The .gov means its official. Workers may be harmed from exposure to ortho-toluidine. 2 H315: Causes skin irritation. The dye reacts with the tissues to produce a color different from that of the original dye and from the rest of the tissue. Toluidine blue staining of cartilage proteoglycan subunits. eCollection 2023. What is Toluidine blue? The Report on Carcinogens (RoC) is a U.S. congressionally-mandated, science-based public health report that identifies agents, substances, mixtures, or exposures in the environment that pose a hazard to people residing in the United States[26] Since then, other cancer related studies have been published and the listing of o-toluidine was changed to known to be a human carcinogen. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. [8], Metachromasia is attributed to stacking of dye cations at the sites of high density of anionic groups in the tissue. Amphibians, on the other hand, produce antimicrobial and toxic compounds in their skin glands; interestingly, these compounds have been . Onofre et al[13] evaluated the TB staining in premalignancies, and superficial oral ulceration suggesting malignancy. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The compound responsible for metachromasia was identified as heparin, a heteroglycan rich in half-sulfate esters. Bergholt NL, Lysdahl H, Lind M, Foldager CB. [1] It stains nucleic acids blue and polysaccharides purple and also increases the sharpness of histology slide images. Break the T-Blue swab handle, instilling dye into the attached . [6] TB has been used as a vital stain to highlight potentially malignant oral lesions and may identify early lesions, which could be missed out on clinical examination. Raja N, Naikodi S, Govindarajan A, Palanisamy K. J Histotechnol. MeSH aromatic dye molecule capable of delocalizing electrons and is non-toxic in the absence of light. Is toluidine blue the same as methylene blue? It has been widely used for different purposes in several fields such as medicine, textiles and . J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. The analysis of TB in vivo stain in 145 oral mucosal lesions among 102 enrolled patients revealed 100% sensitivity and 62% specificity. Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. In contrast, it was found that in vivo staining with TB was highly sensitive in detecting carcinoma.[12]. This article provides an overview on chemistry, technique, and the various applications of toluidine blue. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. and transmitted securely. 1997;83:53747. [6] Its use in vivo is based on the fact that dysplastic and neoplastic cells may contain quantitatively more nucleic acids than normal tissues. Mailafiya MM, Abubakar K, Chiroma SM, Danmaigoro A, Zyoud TYT, Rahim EBA, Moklas MAM, Zakaria ZAB. Toluidine blue is also commonly used to stain frozen sections (rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. National Library of Medicine Carleton's Histological Technique. 5.1 Indications. TBO's uncoupling effect was clearly seen in intact livers where it stimulated oxygen consumption at concentrations of 20 and 40 M. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the They suggested that false positivity could be reduced by a second examination typically 14 days later that assisted in excluding lesions where staining was associated with inflammation. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted CAUTION: Avoid contact and inhalation. [Last accessed on 2011 Nov 11]. An Alternating Magnetic Field-Controlled Drug Delivery System Based on 4,4'-Azobis (4-cyanovaleric Acid)-Functioned Fe, Epstein JB, Scully C, Spinelli J. Toluidine blue and Lugol's iodine application in the assessment of oral malignant disease and lesions at risk of malignancy. The .gov means its official. 2010). This study aims to . Mix, and shovel into a heavy paper box with . (1982). 2000 Oct 15;285(2):211-9. doi: 10.1006/abio.2000.4761. Neibel and Chomet and Shedd and co-workers were the first to report vital application of TB for the detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal For each dye, 120 assays, divided . The site is secure. Tu1660 Toluidine Blue is as Effective as Methylene Blue for Endocytoscopy - Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. It is the most important of the three isomeric toluidines. Dermal exposure affected the ovarian cycle, ovary morphostructure, the ability to reproduce and the progeny in female rats when administered for four months (Malysheva and Zaitseva, 1982). Rana, P., Aleo, M. D., Gosink, M., & Will, Y. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Photochemistry Association, European Society for Photobiology. Toluidine blue is often used to identify mast cells, by virtue of the heparin in their cytoplasmic granules. 8600 Rockville Pike [2] It stains nucleic acids blue and polysaccharides purple and also increases the sharpness of histology slide images. Methylene blue, azure A and toluidine blue are small planar cationic dyes that typically stain tissues blue. Epub 2020 Apr 18. An official website of the United States government. This method was mostly used by clinical laboratories. Loss of heterozygosity may be detected in TB-stained lesions. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) Fact Sheet: OECD Global Portal to Information on Chemical Substances, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Workers who are exposed to certain hair dyes, Factory workers involved in rubber manufacture, Employees who are exposed to cigarette smoke, Laboratory workers who stain tissues or analyze glucose. The site is secure. It is used in some hair dyes, weed and pest killers, rubber, and in some laboratory processes. and transmitted securely. [4] TB is one such dye, which has been used in tissue sections for identification of various cells. Pour or sift on to a thick layer of sand and soda ash mixture (90/10). Education guide: Special stains and H & E. Staining theory. 2019 Jul;10(3):370-374. doi: 10.1177/1947603518764262. ortho-Toluidine is used in many industries. Toluidine blue staining for detection of oral premalignant lesions and carcinomas. o-Toluidine can also be used for measuring serum glucose concentration, in the form of acetic acido-toluidine. Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer. o-Toluidine was found to be harmful to rats following acute oral exposure with LD50 of 900 and 940mg/kg bodyweight. Only oral short-term exposure in rats was researched of o-toluidine. Among these applications, the uses of TB staining to identify the changes in chromatin DNA-protein complexes, nucleolus location, and extracellular matrix proteoglycan complexes associated with different physiological and pathological events are described. Visit NIOSHs page on Managing Chemical Safety in the Workplaceto learn more about controlling chemical workplace exposures. The earlier mentioned o-nitrosotoluene, which causes cancer in rats, is an example of these reactive metabolites. Is toluidine blue harmful? [13], Although the mechanisms of carcinogenicity of o-toluidine are not completely understood, the available evidence suggests that they are complex and involve several key modes of action, including metabolic activation that results in binding of reactive metabolites to DNA and proteins, mutagenicity, oxidative DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and cytotoxicity. [10] The chromotropes carry acidic groups with a minimum density of not more than 0.5 nm between adjacent negatively charged groups. [1] Toluidine blue (TB) has an affinity for nucleic acids, and therefore binds to nuclear material of tissues with a high DNA and RNA content. methylene blue. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 1. -. . 2002) and even large scale chromosomal damage was observed in yeast and mammalian cells exposed to o-toluidine in vitro. The physical changes that bring about this color change are a specialized, orderly form of dye aggregation. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Selective staining of malignant and dysplastic cells might be explained by the fact that these cells contain quantitatively more nucleic acid than normal tissue. Toluidine blue for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with thyroid cancer. This study was to evaluate specific effects of photodynamic therapy (energy density 15.8 J/cm2, 26.3 J/cm2 and 39.5 J/cm2) using methylene blue, toluidine blue and malachite green as photosensitizers and low-power laser irradiation on the viability of Candida albicans. The study showed 100% sensitivity in the detection of in situ and invasive carcinoma and no false-negative results occurred. [30] The o-toluidine reaction for the estimation of glucose concentration in the serum gained massive popularity in the 1970s. 2006;22:1847. Osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells cultured on poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), poly (-caprolactone) scaffolds. Chromatin; Critical electrolyte concentration; Glycosaminoglycans; Metachromasy; Optical anisotropy; Toluidine blue. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. PMC The compound was also found to be of low toxicity in rabbits following acute dermal exposure with an LD 50 of 320 mg/kg bodyweight. The authors of this review tried to address the question: "Should TBO (toluidine blue ortho)-mediated aPDT be considered a possible alternative treatment for oral candidiasis?". Male rats treated similarly showed stimulated spermatogenesis (production of sperm cells) (Malysheva et al., 1983). Accessibility The aggregation of Tau is toxic in cell and animal models, but can be reversed by suppressing expression or by aggregation inhibitors. Use in chemical fume hood whenever possible. Burn in an open pit or incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Reprod Domest Anim. Role of toluidine blue in early detection of oral cancer. albicans is the most prevalent harmless commensal fungus (approximately 60-70% of microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity), followed by other non-albicans Candida spp. This is followed by 1% TB application for 20 s either with cotton swab when a mucosal lesion was seen or given as rinse when no obvious lesion was detected. Bookshelf Suspensions of C. albicans containing 106 cells/ml were standardized in a spectrophotometer. Xie S, Si H, Liu C, Liu W, Shafi M, Jiang S, Yue W. Nanomaterials (Basel). Martin IC, Kerawala CJ, Reed M. The application of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of epithelial dysplasia. 1995 Dec;27(6):571-82. doi: 10.1007/BF02111655. TB-stained tissue may appear dark royal blue or pale royal blue color.[3]. 2023 Jan 18;10(2):129. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10020129. government site. Following ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Culling CF, Allison TR. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Toluidine blue is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye with high affinity for acidic tissue components, thereby staining tissues rich in DNA and RNA. 2022 Oct-Dec;26(4):483-487. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_397_21. Toluidine blue O, azure B chloride, and methylene blue at concentrations of 0.005% (wt/vol) were effective photosensitizers of all four species, enabling killing of bacteria following exposure to . Toluidine blue is a basic dye of phenothiazine family, which on irradiation with a 630 nm light gets converted into a photoexcited form, leading to generation of singlet oxygen species. Toluidine blue O (TBO) is a cationic phenothiazine dye that has been well studied as an antibacterial photosensitizer. The Health Hazard Evaluation Program (HHE) conducts onsite investigations of possible worker exposure to chemicals. 5 Toluidine blue. Will, Y., & Dykens, J. If you work in an industry that uses ortho-toluidine, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheets for hazard information. Although the mechanism for this reaction is unknown, it might be related to a high protein-synthesis rate. . Metachromasia; toluidine blue; vital staining. Role of toluidine blue in early detection of oral cancer. How do you apply toluidine blue? [Metachromasia, double refraction and dichroism caused by Toluidine Blue reaction (author's transl)]. 9 Dysplastic and neoplastic cells may contain . These alter the color of metachromatic dyes. Its toxicity has not been quantified but has proven to be highly toxic to laboratory animals when injected intravenously. It appears as an odorless, blue-purple liquid and is miscible with Water at ambient conditions. Additionally, TBO (40 M) reduced cellular ATP levels (52.46%) and ATP/ADP (45.98%) and ATP/AMP (74.17%) ratios. It is especially useful today for staining chromosomes in plant or animal tissues, as a replacement for Aceto-orcein stain . [4] Van der Waals attraction between TB and polyanions contribute to affinity when binding to DNA or RNA as does hydrophobic bonding. National Library of Medicine Biomechanical and morphological evaluation of aortic wall changes related to the cross-clamping method in different surgical techniques. Because time is of the essence for a frozen section, toluidine blue allows for the frozen section to be stained and reviewed in 10-20 seconds. The study also found that lesions with limited dysplasia or atypia do not stain consistently with TB. A total of 143 of 419 participants (34%) had ocular surface squamous neoplasia by histopathology. . Higher levels can cause trouble breathing, collapse and even death. 52040 92-31-9 C15H16ClN3S 305.83 SECTION 4 FIRST AID MEASURES Call a POISON CENTER or physician if you feel unwell. Under conditions of metachromasia, these dyes stain tissue components purple-red. In this brief review, we not only report the primary use of TB to detect the anionic substrates a . Toluidine blue has been used in vivo to identify dysplasia and carcinoma of the oral cavity. TBO also uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation and photoinactivated the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and IV, as well as the FoF1-ATP synthase complex. It is an eye irritant. eCollection 2021 May. TB can also be used to stain frozen section because of the rapidity of the staining procedure (1020 s) and better clarity of the cells. Toluidine blue selectively stains acid tissue J Vasc Bras. A Standardized Method of Applying Toluidine Blue Metachromatic Staining for Assessment of Chondrogenesis. Another study recorder expected and observed cases of bladder cancer at a rubber factory in upstate New York (Ward et al., 1991). The role of toluidine blue in assessing margin status after resection of squamous cell carcinoma of upper aerodigestive tract.
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