what diseases can be passed through breast milk

Some STIs can pass from mother to baby during pregnancy and through breastfeeding. Breastfed infants can acquire vaccine virus infection via milk but are asymptomatic. Breast milk does contain antibodies to rotavirus for up to 2 years. Phongsamart et al333 described three additional cases of dengue virus infection late in pregnancy and apparent transmission to two of the three infants with passive acquisition of antibody in the third infant. Because of aggressive immunization programs, rabies in domesticated dogs and cats in the United States is uncommon. Infant: Isolate from other infants but not from mother. None of these differences were statistically significant. Lyme borreliosis was described in Europe in the early twentieth century. It is uncertain what role maternal antibodies play in the severity of an infants disease. http://www.retroconference.org/2007/Abstracts/28294.htm. A few cases of early fetal deaths were associated with infection in pregnant women. In this era of worry about biologic terrorism, smallpox is an important concern. Breastfeeding should not continue when the mother has symptoms of rabies, and the infant should receive postexposure immunization and close observation. Varicella DNA was not detected in any of the 217 breast milk samples from the 12 women, all of whom seroconverted after vaccination.45 One case of suspected transfer of varicella-zoster virus to an infant via breastfeeding has been reported, but virus may have been transmitted by respiratory droplet or exposure to rash before the mother began antiviral therapy.459. Arenaviruses are single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect rodents and are acquired by humans through the rodents. Breastfeeding, along with chemoprophylaxis and immunization of affected infants, is appropriate in the absence of cutaneous breast involvement (see Appendix F). Acceptable medications for treating the mother while continuing breastfeeding include gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and rifampin (see Appendix D). Lamprecht C.L., Krause H.E., Mufson M.A. Franco M.A., Angel J., Greenberg H.B. The time at which the virus infects the fetus or infant and the presence or absence of antibodies against CMV from the mother are important determinants of the severity of infection and the likelihood of significant sequelae (congenital infection syndrome, deafness, chorioretinitis, abnormal neurodevelopment, learning disabilities).234 About 1% of all infants are born excreting CMV at birth, and approximately 5% of these congenitally infected infants will demonstrate evidence of infection at birth (approximately five symptomatic cases per 10,000 live births). Only one of 18 (5%) infants became positive for CMV at 62 days of life, and this infant was clinically asymptomatic. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Withholding the mothers milk until it is confirmed to be culture negative for a pathogen is appropriate and should be accompanied by providing ongoing support and instruction to the mother concerning pumping and maintaining her milk supply. Thrush in the breastfeeding dyad: Results of a survey on diagnosis and treatment. RSV infection should be suspected in any infant with rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, or unexplained apnea, especially in October through March in temperate climates. Three of the 30 had CMV DNA detected in their sera, but none of the three had symptoms suggestive of CMV infection. 41. High infection rates have been reported in adolescents and young adults (ages 15 to 40 years). Advisory Committee (HICPAC). 361 No attempt was made to correlate the presence of HPV DNA in breast milk with the HPV status of an . In addition to standard precautions applied to all patients, droplet precautions include the use of a private room (preferred) and a mask if within 3 feet (0.9 m) of the patient. Brucellosis demonstrates a broad spectrum of illness in humans, from subclinical to subacute to chronic illness with nonspecific signs of weakness, fever, malaise, body aches, fatigue, sweats, arthralgia, and lymphadenitis.In areas where the disease is enzootic, childhood illness has been described more frequently. How Does Cow's Milk Get Contaminated? Nagelkerke N.J., Moses S., Embree J.E. Kalstone C. Successful antepartum treatment of listeriosis. Nwosu303 documented positive stool samples for hookworms in 33 of 316 neonates (10%) at 4 to 5 weeks of age in southern Nigeria. Human neonatal infections with hookworms in an endemic area of southern Nigeria. MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were identified respectively in eight samples (0.8%) from three mothers and 281 samples (19.3%) from 73 mothers of the tested expressed breast milk before pasteurization. Lal R.B., Renan A., Gongora-Biaanchi A. Antibody tests used for HIV-1 are only 50% to 90% sensitive for detecting HIV-2.65 Specific testing for HIV-2 is appropriate whenever clinically or epidemiologically indicated. Other mothers and infants: Same unless clear history of previous measles or measles vaccination in the mother. Treatment of documented congenital infection is currently recommended, although duration and optimal regimen have not been determined, and reversal of preexisting sequelae generally does not occur.343, Prevention of infection in susceptible pregnant women is possible by avoiding exposure to cat feces or the organism in the soil. Buxmann H., Miljak A., Fischer D. Incidence and clinical outcome of cytomegalovirus transmission via breast milk in preterm infants Infectious diseases - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Routine culturing of breast milk or culturing breast milk to screen for infectious agents is not recommended except when the milk is intended as donor milk to another mothers child directly or through human milk banks. Horvath T., Madi B.C., Iuppa I.M. 1. In a collective review of the etiologic factors in cancer of the breast in humans, Papaioannou325 concludes, Genetic factors, viruses, hormones, psychogenic stress, diet, and other possible factors, probably in that order of importance, contribute to some extent to the development of cancer of the breast.325. HDV infection is uncommon where the prevalence of HBV is low. Illness due to yellow fever virus usually begins after an incubation period of 3 to 6 days, with acute onset of headache, fever, chills, and myalgia. The differential diagnosis of acute hepatitis includes (1) common causes of hepatitis, such as hepatitis A, B, C, and D; (2) uncommon causes of hepatitis, such as hepatitis E and G, CMV, echoviruses, enteroviruses, EBV, HSV, rubella, varicella-zoster virus, yellow fever virus; (3) rare causes of hepatitis, such as Ebola virus, Junin virus, and Machupo virus (cause hemorrhagic fever), Lassa virus, and Marburg virus; and (4) nonviral causes, such as hepatotoxic drugs, alcoholic hepatitis, toxoplasmosis, autoimmune hepatitis, bile duct obstruction, ischemic liver damage, Wilson disease, 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and metastatic liver disease. Breastfeeding should then continue after an initial period of 48 to 96 hours of therapy in the mother. Any individual in a high-risk group for TB should be screened with a tuberculin skin test (TST). Yoshida M., Yamagami N., Tezuka T. Case report: Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in maternal breast milk. In the Mashi Study in Botswana, Thior et al411 evaluated infants randomized to breastfeeding plus infant zidovudine for 6 months or formula feeding plus 1 month of infant zidovudine. Most medications do so at low levels and pose no real risk to most infants. The geographic distribution of these viruses and the illness they cause are determined by the living range of the host rodent (reservoir). When acute peripartum or postpartum hepatitis occurs in a mother and HBV infection is a possibility, with its associated increased risk for transmission to the infant, a discussion with the mother or parents should identify the potential risks and benefits of continuing breastfeeding until the etiology of the hepatitis can be determined. Enocksson E., Wretlind B., Sterner G. Listeriosis during pregnancy and in neonates. Lal R.B., Owen S.M., Segurado A.A.C., Gongora-Bianchi R.A. Mother-to-child transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II). Many strains are resistant to penicillin and the semisynthetic penicillins, so sensitivity testing is essential. The severity of illness in the mother may preclude breastfeeding, but it can be reinitiated when the mother is improving and wants to restart. Lawrence R.A. Maternal and Child Health Technical Information Bulletin, U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration; October 1997. Protection from mosquito bites includes screened-in living areas, mosquito nets while sleeping, protective clothing with or without repellents on the clothes, and community efforts to eradicate the mosquitoes. N. meningitidis most often causes severe invasive infections, including meningococcemia or meningitis often associated with fever and a rash and progressing to purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, coma, and death. These pregnant women were primarily of African or Caribbean descent.138. Some studies have shown benefit and others no effect. Walson J.L., Brown E.R., Otieno P.A. Some authors have hypothesized that the difference in isolation rates between breast milk and other fluids is caused by viral reactivation in cells (leukocytes or monocytes) in the breast leading to selective excretion in breast milk.301 Vochem et al430 reported that the rate of virolactia was greatest at 3 to 4 weeks postpartum, and Yeager et al455 reported significant virolactia between 2 and 12 weeks postpartum. For mothers, such interventions might include decreasing sugar consumption, stopping antibiotic use as soon as possible, and consuming some form of probiotic bacteria, such as acidophilus (in yogurt, milk, or pill form), to reestablish a normal colonizing bacterial flora. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Breastfeeding 7 May 2020 | Q&A . Transmission of HBV is usually through blood or body fluids (stool, semen, saliva, urine, cervical secretions).94, Vertical transmission either transplacentally or perinatally during delivery has been well described throughout the world. Expand All How do STIs affect pregnant women? Thiry L., Sprecher-Goldbrecker S., Jonckheer T. Isolation of the AIDS virus from cell-free breast milk of three healthy virus carriers. No evidence indicates transmission of syphilis via breast milk in the absence of a breast or nipple lesion. Transmission of HDV has been reported to occur from household contacts and, rarely, through vertical transmission. Pregnant women with gonorrhea can pass the infection to their babies during childbirth. It may resemble neonatal sepsis, with fever, anemia, and splenomegaly occurring in the most neonates and hyperbilirubinemia and hepatomegaly in less than half. 3. However, the milk/plasma ratio for mefloquine is less than 0.25, there is a large volume of distribution of the drug, high protein binding of the drug limits its presence in breast milk, and the relative importance of breastfeeding in areas where malaria is prevalent shifts the risk/benefit ratio in favor of treatment with mefloquine. 4. Close observation of the infant should continue for 7 days, and breastfeeding during and after prophylaxis is appropriate. CMV-seropositive mothers can safely breastfeed their full-term infants because, despite a higher rate of CMV infection than in formula-fed infants observed through the first year of life, infection in this situation is not associated with significant clinical illness or sequelae. Preliminary information suggests that a vaccine for use in humans safely produces good serologic responses, but protective efficacy has not been demonstrated, and no information exists on its use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
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