The amount and rate at which the antibiotics are being released into the environments depends on the specific antibiotic and its administered dosage, as well as the species and the age of the animals [51]. Drug resistance. Benefits and risks of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. Basically, it covers antibiotics used in agriculture, ways through which they end up in the environment causing antibiotic pollution, and on the other hand, the consequential effects of antibiotic residues on public health. World Health Organization Draft Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. [201], and Gelband and Duse [158], only a few national, cross-sectional studies on antibiotic resistance of animal-recovered isolates have been carried out in low- and middle-income countries and South Africa, respectively. The soil resistome: A critical review on antibiotic resistance origins, ecology and dissemination potential in telluric bacteria. Of interest is the critical use of antibiotics in agriculture to meet the demands of the rising human population, as the use of antibiotics in this setting has been associated with several benefits. Also, the farm environment is composed of environmental sites, such as manure, wastewater, soils, effluent, and sewage, which serve as hotspots for antibiotic resistance pollution. Garnacho-Montero J., Escoresca-Ortega A., Fernndez-Delgado E. Antibiotic de-escalation in the ICU: How is it done? Fortunately, the isolates of the bacterium were susceptible to a range of antibiotics. Martins E., Novais C., Freitas A.R., Dias A.R., Ribeiro T.G., Antunes P., Peixe L. Filling the map for antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: Ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus from non-clinical sources in Angola. [43] emphasized the significant difference in the use of antibiotics amongst piglets, fattening pigs, and sows during therapy and growth promotion; antibiotics are employed in pig farming for treatment, metaphylaxis, prophylaxis, and growth promotion. The soil is an ecosystem and a natural resource with unique biodiversity, taking into consideration abundance, quantities of species, and functions of organisms [218,219]. Similarly, Guetiya Wadoum et al. Rasheed M.U., Thajuddin N., Ahamed P., Teklemariam Z., Jamil K. Antimicrobial drug resistance in strains of. Screening of antibiotics and chemical analysis of penicillin residue in fresh milk and traditional dairy products in Oyo state, Nigeria. Furthermore, the aquatic environments offer ecological and economic benefits [240]. Untreated groundwater is considered safe for drinking, because it originates from the ground. Cogliani et al. This had a devastating effect, as even healthy birds were unnecessarily exposed to antibiotics. It can be depicted from Table 2, that antibiotic resistance is a global challenge, and needs to be addressed by the joint efforts from all the countries across the world, as we can never stop international travel and trade. Abdellah E.A., Fouzia R.F., Bouchra O. WebWith the rise in public awarenessabout the loss of effectiveness ofantibiotics due to overuse, consumer groups, public healthexperts, and environmentalistshave begun to challenge antibioticusage in livestock, poultry andfactory fish farming. However, the antibiotic consumption profiles in developing countries are greatly influenced by the gross abuse and misuse of antibiotics due to their availability over the counter, through unregulated supply chains as well as the purchase without prescriptions [11]. Jimnez B. Irrigation in Developing countries using wastewater. With respect to total biomass, microorganisms are considered as the principal part of the soil community, and are basically responsible for decomposition of organic matter, degradation of toxic compounds, and nutrient transformation [218]. It is greatly influenced by the antibiotic policies which govern antibiotic use concerning the antibiotic manufacture, antibiotic dispensation, and antibiotic prescription (inappropriate choice and dosing of drugs) of a particular country [140]. Ejo M., Garedew L., Alebachew Z., Worku W. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Animal-Origin Food Items in Gondar, Ethiopia. The dearth of functioning antibiotic policies has culminated in the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Human activities in response to industrialization drastically heightened the availability of antibiotic residues in food and the environment, and the development and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria along with their resistance genes, thus causing an increase in the abundance of resistant bacteria and genes [4]. Before Lipsitch et al. WebIn this article, the risk profiles of hormonal and antibacterial growth promoters are provided based on recent toxicity and human exposure information, and recommendations for risk management to prevent human health impacts by the use of Andrews J.M. Apparently, the level of antibiotic resistance of these bacteria relies on the quantity and the effects of antibiotics in the natural environment originating from antibiotic management within the agricultural and healthcare settings, as well as the antibiotic prescription guidelines. [153] demonstrated that antibiotic restriction, education of prescribers and patients, and prescription feedbacks as antimicrobial stewardship strategies have improved with the prudent use of antibiotics in Australian hospitals. Purohit M.R., Chandran S., Shah H., Diwan V., Tamhankar A.J., Lundborg C.S. Coker A.O., Adefeso A.O. The transmission of these resistance genes is termed horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT), and it does occur via transformation, conjugation, and transduction processes [100,101]. WebIn an effort to address the growing concerns of antibiotic resistance in livestock and in humans, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance #263 in 2021 regarding the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medically-important antibiotics in livestock production. In turn, these resulted in reduced food production costs and reduced excrement of manure Economou V., Gousia P. Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Sou M., Yacouba H., Mermoud A. Fertilising value and health risks assessment related to wastewater reuse in irrigation, case study in a Soudano-Sahelian city. Friedman N.D., Temkin E., Carmeli Y. Irrational or non-prudent use of antibiotics in food-producing animals have resulted in antibiotic residues in animal-derived products. Occurrence of several main antibiotic residues in raw milk in 10 provinces of China. Antibiotic resistance via the food chain: Fact or fiction? Essack S.Y. They are categorized based on their effects as either bacteriostatic or bactericidal, and on their series of efficacy, as narrow or broad-spectrum antibiotics. The concentration/magnitude of these resistant bacteria in the recreational waters is determined by the local landscape (e.g., coastal waters), wind speed, ultraviolet radiation, temperature, rainfall, and the source and level of pollution [253]. More specifically, patients witness a more severe underlying infection, are administered less efficacious but more toxic antibacterial agents, and receive broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, which are so-called reserved or last resorts as an empirical antibiotic regimen [132]. Cheong C.K., Hajeb P., Jinap S., Ismail-Fitry M.R. Vishnuraj M.R., Kandeepan G., Rao K.H., Chand S., Kumbhar V. Occurrence, public health hazards and detection methods of antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin: A comprehensive review. Antibiotic resistance of faecal. Public health risks: Chemical and antibiotics residues. WebAbstract Antibiotic drugs provide clear benefits for food animal health and welfare, while simultaneously providing clear risks due to enrichment of resistant microorganisms. One of the techniques modern factory farms routinely use to increase weight in livestock is to give all of the animals a dose of antibiotics with every meal. Beef Magazine is part of the Informa Markets Division of Informa PLC. Summarily, all stakeholders involved in the fight against antibiotic resistance must address it from the stand point of regulations, surveillance, research, treatment guidelines, infection control, education, and awareness [177]. Zhang Y., Marrs C.F., Simon C., Xi C. Wastewater treatment contributes to selective increase in antibiotic resistance among, Benbachir M., Benredjeb S., Boye C.S., Dosso M., Belabbes H., Kamoun A., Kair O., Elmdaghri N. Two-year surveillance of antibiotic resistance in, Sahoo K.C., Tamhankar A.J., Sahoo S., Sahu P.S., Klintz S.R., Lindborg C.S. Several authors have demonstrated the indiscriminate use of antibiotics by farmers, and attributed it to lack of knowledge on the prudent use of these drugs, and the possible adverse effects associated with their abuse, non-adherence to manufacturers instructions, and the antibiotic withdrawal periods, unavailability of veterinarians and their services. Antibiotic-related crisis is ascribed to the misuse of antibiotics that are, ultimately, discharged into the environment, the presence of antibiotic residues (parent antibiotic or its metabolites or both found in animal derived products) in livestock products and wastes, and lastly, the lack of stringent and effective supervision and control over antibiotics production, use, and disposal [17]. tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, sulphamethoxazole, and ampicillin. Determinants Associated with Veterinary Antimicrobial Prescribing in Farm Animals in The Netherlands: A qualitative study. Surveillance represents an early-warning system which performs fast distribution of crucial information to public health and regulatory authorities regarding trends and possibility of outbreaks, to bring about timely response measures [170]. Altogether, Boeckel et al. It is for this reason that foodborne outbreaks are highest in developing countries, and dawdles as an issue of public health concern worldwide, because it is indicated as one of the significant food safety hazards concomitant with animal-derived foods [74]. Antibiotics have been reported to accumulate and form residues at varying concentrations in the tissues and organs of food animals, as presented in Table 1. Antibiotic resistance genes occurrence and bacterial community composition in the Liuxi River. Chang Q., Wang W., Regev-Yochay G., Lipsitch M., Hanage W.P. The .gov means its official. El-Sharkawy H., Tahoun A., El-Gohary A.B.D.E.G.A., El-Abasy M., El-Khayat F., Gillespie T., Kitade Y., Hafez H.M., Neubauer H., El-Adawy H. Epidemiological, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of, Mkize N., Zishiri O.T., Mukaratirwa S. Genetic characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in, Ateba C.N., Mbewe M., Moneoang M.S., Bezuidenhout C.C. Furthermore, Lin et al. However, if a patient fails to respond to the initial drugs or develops intolerance to drugs and/or relapse of infection occurs, other drugs, known as the second line, are added to the treatment. Also, only a few isolates are involved, since the veterinarian decides on the individual animals to refer to the laboratory. Samie A., Guerrant R.L., Barrett L., Bessong P.O., Igumbor E.O., Obi C.L. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal human stools from Vhembe district, South Africa. Copyright 2023. (Brassicaceae) a medicinal plant in Iran; Proceedings of the International Conference on Women in Science and Technology in the Arab Countries; Kuwait City, Kuwait. Fluit A.C., van der Bruggen J.T., Aarestrup F.M., Verhoef J., Jansen W.T.M. [186] emphasized that the registration of over-the-counter drugs for sales is not optional in South Africa, and the drugs are distributed by the manufacturers to veterinary wholesalers, farmers cooperatives, distributors, and feed mix companies. Antibiotic resistance is of great public health concern because the antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with the animals may be pathogenic to humans, easily transmitted to humans via food chains, and widely disseminated in the environment via animal wastes. The antibiotic resistance pattern varies between regions and countries corresponding to the degree of antibiotic consumption, which is guided and regulated by the antibiotic policies of a particular country [15,16]. Eagar H., Swan G., van Vuuren M. A survey of antimicrobials usage in animals in South Africa with specific reference to food animals. In the same way, antibiotic use was substantially decreased at the primary care in Thailand, as well as nationwide actions were demonstrated to address the problem of inappropriate antibiotic use through strengthening of hospital drug and therapeutics committee, engagement in a project based on multifaceted behavioural change intervention, and updating of its essential medicine lists on a regular basis [159]. Optimal use of antibiotic resistance surveillance systems. [12] projected that the antibiotic consumption will approximately double in the BRICS countries consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It has been reported that antibiotic resistant bacteria can equally be transmitted to humans during recreational use of fresh or marine water, which are natural aquatic habitats [246]. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Source: TheCattleSite News Desk | Jun 15, 2009. 8600 Rockville Pike These systems may include; DANMAP (Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Monitoring and Resistance programme, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark), MARAN (Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic usage in Animals in Wageningen, The Netherlands), and SANVAD (South African National Veterinary Surveillance and Monitoring Programme for Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs, Pretoria, South Africa). gestation, farrowing, weaning, and finishing. [187] affirmed that educational programs should be conducted for undergraduate medical and non-medical students in line with generic medicines, mechanism of antibiotic resistance, and prudent use of antibiotics. Biswas D.K., Bhunia R., Maji D., Das P. Contaminated Pond Water Favors Cholera Outbreak at Haibatpur Village, Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. This is, however, possible due to the fact that the antibiotic resistance genes are located on elements, including transposons, integrons, and plasmids, that can be immobilized [99]. In this brief, the reader will see the pros and cons in antibiotic livestock. Kim et al. Akoachere J.-F.T.K., Masalla T.N., Njom H.A. 16 October 2014. WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food. Role of wild birds as carriers of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli and Escherichia vulneris. Registered in England and Wales. These cultured-based techniques are designed as susceptibility tests, and the resistance of the bacterium can be deduced directly from the susceptibility testing. Adesokan H.K., Akanbi I.O., Akanbi I.M., Obaweda R.A. Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: The need for alternative plans. Gebeheyu E., Bantie L., Azage M. Inappropriat use of antibiotics and its associated factors among Urban and rural communities of Bahir Dar City administration, NorthWest Ethiopia. [131] presented three mechanisms through which antibiotic resistance originating from agriculture can threaten human health, as follows: an individual might be infected by a resistant bacterial pathogen via direct contact or via ingestion of contaminated meat, milk, eggs, or water, and not transmit to other humans. Speksnijder D.C., Jaarsma A.D.C., van der Gugten A.C., Verheij T.J.M., Wagenaar J.A. Therefore, in this continuous fight against antibiotic resistance, the joint FAO/WHO expert committee and Codex Alimentarius Commission updated the MRLs of veterinary drugs in foods of animal origin [79]. China bans colistin as a feed additive for animals. Sethi S., Kumar R., Gupta S. Antibiotic production by microbes isolated from soil. The authors suggested that the rate of survival of these bacteria depended on the temperature of the operating process in association with the duration of the fermentation process and the microbial composition. Antibiotic resistance in animal and environmental samples associated with small-scale poultry farming in Northwestern Ecuador. Laxminarayan R., Bhutta Z., Duse A., Jenkins P., OBrien T., Okeke I.N., Pablo-Mendez A., Klugman K.P. WebMore specifically the term agrichemicals includes herbicides (chemicals that are toxic to weeds), pesticides (chemicals that are toxic to insects), fungicides (chemicals that are toxic to fungi - a group of organisms that cause diseases in plants and animals), rodenticides (chemicals toxic to rodents), and antibiotics administered to livestock. These zoonotic pathogens develop resistance in response to the antibiotics used in food animals, and the same strains colonize both animals and humans, and the antibiotic resistance genes can easily spread among the bacterial species or clones that are phylogenetically related [124]. These findings were retrieved from published articles found in Science Direct, Pubmed, Medline databases, etc., using Google search engine. 359 Words. The procedure provides data on the antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and predict the rise of antibiotic resistance as depicted from the trend in the antibiotic resistance profiles. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic diversity of, Chishimba K., Hangombe B.M., Muzandu K., Mshana S.E., Matee M.I., Nakajima C., Suzuki Y. But as consumers become more obsessed with what they eat, including an insatiable hunger for meat and chicken raised naturally, without drugs, more producers are promoting their products as antibiotic-free. What a bizarre situation that creates chances for the abuse of antibiotics? AMES, Iowa Those who treat animals with antibiotics will need to pay close attention to the calendar. [12] stated that about 50% of antimicrobials are used incongruously, regardless of the setting owing to lack of antimicrobial stewardship. Wegener [123] affirmed that the public health consequences perpetrated by zoonotic pathogens are ever-challenging to evaluate. The routine employment of antibiotics, for prevention and growth promotion purposes in livestock farming, selects for antibiotic resistance among commensal and pathogenic bacteria. When making decisions on whether or not to use antibiotics, farmers and vets should ideally do Of these bacteria, 75.2% were multidrug resistant, and the enteric isolates obtained from downstream (urban and industrial regions) exhibited greater antibiotic resistance, unlike those from upstream (rural vicinity). The microbiological diagnosis presents as the key procedure in any therapeutic process, where the etiologic agent and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, as well as surveillance of the resistance of the pathogen are conducted. [192] revealed a strong correlation between the level of specific antibiotics used and the level of resistance in E. coli strains recovered from pigs, cattle, and poultry of seven European countries. The register is kept for three years, and the information contained therein is subject to audit by the government. Ramurmutty and Sharma [280] suggested that the recurrent outbreaks of cholera in India are due to the presence of short-term carriers of Vibro cholerae in the communities, the constant change in biotypes and serotypes of this strain, development of resistance to the previous multiple antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of cholera- as well as poor water quality, unhygienic sanitation- and overcrowding. Taking into consideration the routine use of the same antibiotics with similar modes of action both for animal and human purposes, added to the report of zoonoses, which are bacterial infections in humans caused by animal pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus spp., and Escherichia coli, it is somewhat obvious that antibiotic resistance can be transferred from animals to humans [121]. Multidrug resistant toxigenic Vibrio cholera O1 is present in water sources in New Bell, Douala, Cameroon. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The challenges that follow are of local, national, regional, and international dimensions, as there are no geographic boundaries to impede the spread of antibiotic resistance. FOIA However, the persistence and the rate of dissipation of the antibiotic resistance genes is dependent on the VGT/HGT of ARG, the transport and viability of the bacteria harbouring the genes, whether the free DNA obtained from cell lysis will be degraded, adsorbed to soil or organic matter, or acquired by new cells, as well as the transportation of the extracellular ARG [56]. Nevertheless, following the chronicles of multidrug resistance of these pathogens in the developing countries, we hereby conclude that continuous surveillance of the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens (obtained from humans, animals, food, and other environmental sites) of public and environmental significance be implemented because of the high burden of infectious diseases. Bosco et al. Bedada A.H., Zewde B.M., Molla Zewde B.M. Allergic hypersensitivity reactions or toxic effects, phototoxic skin reactions, chondrotoxic), and tendon rupture, Bone marrow toxicity, optic neuropathy, brain abscess, Allergy, affect starter cultures to produce fermented milk product, Carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity in the bones of broiler chickens, Allergic hypersensitivity reactions or toxic effects (phototoxic skin reactions, chondrotoxic) and tendon rupture, Primary and permanent teeth discolouration in children and infants, allergic reactions and teratogenicity during the first trimester of pregnancy, nephrotoxicity, carcinogenic, hepatoxocity, and disturbance of the normal microflora of the intestines. Doron S., Davidson L.E. Gelband H., Miller-Petrie M., Pant S., Gandra G., Levinson J., Barter D., White W., Laxminarayan R. The State of the Worlds Antibiotics, 2015. In addition, Sekyere [41] noted that pig farmers in some different districts in the Ashanti Region of Ghana do not secure their antibiotics, thereby making them freely accessible for use and abuse by unauthorized persons and children. Systems designed for antibiotic consumption can be automated systems or randomized field studies, as well as nationwide or cross-sectional or longitudinal studies, which focus on analyzing the sample population of farms [194]. Furthermore, in Nigeria, the surveillance system for antibiotic resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis referred to as the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme (NTBLCP) is commended by Nasir and co-authors [169] as the only functioning system in which services for drug-resistant TB is provided by four reference laboratories of the country. Kim D.P., Rman C.S., Douny C., Dinh T.V., Xuam B.H., Vu B.D., Hong N.P., Scippo M.L. Von Philipsborn P., Steinbers F., Bender M.E., Regmis S., Tinnemann P. Poverty related and neglected diseasesAn economic and epidemiological analysis of poverty relatedness and neglect in research and development. Maximum Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Foods. Igbinosa E.O., Obuekwe I.S. Adzitey F., Nafisah S., Haruna A. Moreover, the employment of broad-spectrum antibiotics creates selective pressure on the bacterial flora, thus increasing the advent of multidrug-resistant bacteria which results in the production of new antibiotic-resistant bacteria with cycles of unpleasant treatments [70]. Health concerns and management of select veterinary drug residues. We are grateful to National Research Foundation (Grant No. This causes difficulties in the prophylactic approach to handling epidemic diseases and health risks to consumers, as well as a negative influence on the environment. Mainda G., Bessell P.B., Muma J.B., McAteer S.P., Chase-Topping M.E., Gibbons J., Stevens M.P., Gally D.L., Bronsvoort B.M.D.C. Lake Charles, LA (KPLC) - Beginning on June 11, 2023, over-the-counter livestock antibiotics will require veterinary oversight due to a new FDA rule. of India. Of great concern are the food/waterborne pathogens responsible for life-threatening and difficult-to-treat gastrointestinal infections in humans, thus, of great concern to public healthcare systems worldwide. According to Laxminarayan and Chaudhury [156], Schedule 1 harbours antibiotics that must be sold with a valid prescription issued by a registered medical practitioner, and the pharmacist is required to retain a separate register that carries the contact details of the prescribing doctor, the name of the patient, as well as the name and quantity of the drug that is dispensed. [109] isolated and characterized one hundred and thirteen enteric bacteria from the Mhlathuze River, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Identification and antimicrobial resistance prevalence of pathogenic. Li X., Shi H., Li K., Zhang L., Gan Y. Potentially pathogenic features of heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolated from treated and untreated drinking water. This is due to the lack of surveillance systems subsidized by the government to monitor antimicrobial use and resistance, the lack of knowledge and the reluctance of food animal producers, animal feed producers, public health and veterinary officers and veterinary pharmaceutical companies to provide such in-depth measurements [49,50]. introduced bans on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters [36], while Australia and New Zealand implemented a partial ban. Isolated from the River and Coastal Waters in Northern Iran. Outbreaks of diseases implicating water as a vehicle of transmission are termed waterborne disease outbreaks, because two or more persons are affected by a similar illness after being exposed to water, and are epidemiologically linked by time and by location of the water [271,272]. Laffite A., Kilunga P.I., Kayembe J.M., Devarajan N., Mulaji C.K., Giuliani G., Slaveykova V.I., Pot J. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. The antibiotic de-escalation therapy is the key component within antimicrobial stewardship [152]. Makelele L.K., Kazadi Z.A., Oleko R.W., Foma R., Mpalang R.K.A., Ngbolua K.T.N., Gdeon B.N. Carcinogenicity and cytotoxicity in bone marrow of broiler chickens, Diarrhoea, septicaemia, urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, abdominal pain, fever, pneumonia, hemolytic uraemic syndrome, nosocomial bacteraemia, Vegetables, raw eggs, raw chicken, unpasteurized milk, raw meat, Waste, litter, soil and water samples from poultry farms, Effluent from wastewater treatment facilities, Salmonellosis (diarrheal disease), bacteraemia, Chicken (liver, intestinal contents, gall bladder, Broiler chicken (caecum, feces, retail meat, Bovine mastitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, furunculosis, necrotizing pneumonia, toxin syndromes, gastroenteritis, abscess formation, Salmonellosis (diarrhoeal disease), bacteraemia, Neonatal meningitis, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) infections, nosocomial infections, Diarrhoea, cholera/profuse watery stool (rice water stool), Meat, fish, vegeatbles, pasteurized milk, cheese, Nosocomial infections, neonatal meningitis, urinary and wound infections, Skin infections, bovine mastitis, infections associated with prosthetic devices and catheters, gastroenteritis, abscess formation, Campylobacteriosis, post infectious irritable bowel syndrome, Infections of the blood, bone, urinary tract, central nervous system, and wounds endocarditis, pneumonia (nosocomial infections), Raw meat, minced meat, burger samples, raw eggs, raw milk, Street foods including macaroni, salad, bean cooked in sauce, rice in sauce, Salmonellosis(diarrheal disease), bacteraemia, Hospital effluent, wastewater, urban rivers, Meningitis, anthrax, pneumonia, food poisoning, Pulmonary infection, septic shock, recurrent bacteraemia, Intra-abdominal tract infections, septic arthritis, ophthalmic infections, bacteraemia, UTI, Bovine mastitis, pulmonary pneumonia, septic shock, nosocomial infections, urinary tract infections, septicaemia, wound infection, bacteraemia, hepatic, pancreatic and biliary disease, nosocomial inefctions (UTI, wounds, blood and lower respiratory tract.
Hp Envy X360 15m-cp0011dx Ssd Upgrade,
Articles D